英語(yǔ)六級(jí)翻譯.doc

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新題型六級(jí)翻譯練習(xí)(1) 四合院（Siheyuan）是中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)民居中最重要的形式。它數(shù)量多、分布廣，并且在漢族、滿族、白族以及其他少數(shù)民族中十分流行。大多數(shù)房屋采用木質(zhì)框架。主屋建在南北走向的軸線上，兩個(gè)廂房則位于四合院的兩側(cè)。家庭中的長(zhǎng)者住在主屋里，而兩翼則是年輕一代的臥室。婦女住在內(nèi)院?？腿撕湍衅妥≡谕庠?。這種分不符合封建禮制（feudalregulations）。四合院遍布全國(guó)的城鄉(xiāng)，但由于各地自然條件和生活方式各有不同，因此發(fā)展出各自的特征。北京的四合院式最具代表性的。 SiheyuanisthemostimportantformofChinesetraditionalresidentialhouse.Itisgreatinnumberandwideindistribution,popularamongtheHan,Manchu,Bai,andsomeofotherminoritygroups.Mostofthehousesareofwoodframework.Theprincipalroomisbuiltonthesouth-northaxis,andtwowingroomsarelocatedonbothsidesofit.Thefamilyeldersliveintheprincipalroomandwingsarethebedroomsfortheyoungergenerations.Womenliveintheinneryard.Guestsandmaleservantsliveintheouteryard.Thisdistributionisinaccordancewiththefeudalregulations.SiheyuanspreadsovertownsandvillagesthroughoutChina,buteachdevelopeditsowncharacteristicsasaresultofrespectivenaturalconditionsanddifferentwayoflife.SiheyuaninBeijingisthemostrepresentative. 風(fēng)水（Fengshui）是中國(guó)建筑中的一個(gè)特殊傳統(tǒng)，是古人對(duì)空間的布置與安排方法，其目的是為了實(shí)現(xiàn)建筑與環(huán)境的和諧共存。風(fēng)水的字面意思就是“風(fēng)和水”。在古代，風(fēng)水通常將從選址、設(shè)計(jì)、建筑直到內(nèi)部和外部裝修的整個(gè)過(guò)程聯(lián)系在一起。它將天、地、人三者融為一體，并且在所選的地址、方位、自然法則以及人類(lèi)命運(yùn)之間尋求和諧。它反對(duì)人對(duì)自然的破壞，而是強(qiáng)調(diào)人與環(huán)境的共處，這種狀態(tài)被認(rèn)為是完美的、神秘的。 Fengshui,aspecialChinesetraditioninarchitecture,istheancientChinesepracticeofplacementandarrangementofspacetoachievecoexistenceinharmonywiththeenvironment.Fengshuiliterallytranslatesas“wind-water”.Fengshuiusuallylinksthewholeprocessfromsiteselection,designing,constructionandinteriorandexteriordecorationinancienttimes.ItcombinesthetrinityoftheHeaven,theEarthandhumans,andseeksharmonybetweenselectedsite,orientation,naturaldoctrineandhumanfate.Itrepulseshumandestructionofnatureandstressescohabitationwiththeenvironment,whichisregardedasperfectandoccult. 舞龍（Dragondance）是中國(guó)文化中一種傳統(tǒng)的舞蹈與表演形式。它起源于漢朝并且有信仰并尊敬龍的中國(guó)人所開(kāi)創(chuàng)。人們認(rèn)為舞龍一開(kāi)始是農(nóng)耕文化的組成部分，起初也是治病和防病的一種方法。舞龍?jiān)谒纬⊿ongDynasty）就已經(jīng)成為一項(xiàng)流行的活動(dòng)。舞龍是中國(guó)文化和傳統(tǒng)的重要組成部分，已經(jīng)傳遍了中國(guó)乃至全世界，而且已經(jīng)成為中國(guó)體育活動(dòng)中的一種特殊的藝術(shù)表演。它象征著在來(lái)年為世界上所有人帶來(lái)好運(yùn)和興旺。 DragondanceisaformoftraditionaldanceandperformanceinChineseculture.ItoriginatedduringtheHanDynastyandwasstartedbytheChinesewhohadshowngreatbeliefandrespecttowardsthedragon.Itisbelievedtohavebegunaspartofthefarmingandharvestculture,alsowithoriginsasamethodofhealingandpreventingsickness.ThedragondancewasalreadyapopulareventduringtheSongDynasty.DragondanceisanimportantpartoftheChinesecultureandtradition.IthasspreadthroughoutChinaandtothewholeworldandbecomeaspecialperformanceofartsintheChinesephysicalactivities.Itsymbolizesgoodluckandprosperityintheyeartocomeforallthehumanbeingsfortheearth. 中國(guó)結(jié)(TheChineseKnot)是一種古老的藝術(shù)形式。人們發(fā)現(xiàn)，繩結(jié)可以追溯到10萬(wàn)年前。中國(guó)人不僅用繩結(jié)來(lái)固定、包裹、狩獵、捕魚(yú)，還用來(lái)記錄事件，而且有些繩結(jié)純粹起裝飾作用。中國(guó)結(jié)具有文化內(nèi)涵（culturalconnotation）。由于結(jié)在漢語(yǔ)中的發(fā)音與“吉”相近，吉的意思為“福、祿、壽、喜、財(cái)、安、康”，這是中國(guó)人永恒的追求，因此有些中國(guó)結(jié)表達(dá)出人們的各種愿望。例如：新婚夫婦的房間通常用一個(gè)盤(pán)長(zhǎng)結(jié)（Pan-changKnot）來(lái)裝飾，象征著永恒的愛(ài)情。 TheChineseKnotisanancientartformandtheartifactscouldbefoundasfarbackas100000yearsago.Chinesepeopleusedknotsformorethanjustfastening,wrapping,hunting,fishing.Knotswerealsousedtorecordevents,andsomeknotshadpurelyornamentalfunctions.TheChineseKnothasculturalconnotations.Sinceknotispronouncedas“jie”inChinesesimilarwiththatof“Ji”,whichmeansblessing,goodsalary,longevity,happiness,fortune,safetyandhealthandistheeverlastingpursuitofChinesepeople,someChineseKnotsexpresspeople’svarioushopes.Forexample,theroomofnewlywedsisusuallydecoratedwithaPan-ChangKnottosymbolizeeternallove. 現(xiàn)代中國(guó)人的姓名通常由姓（家庭姓氏）和名（個(gè)人所起的名字）組成，并且姓在前，名在后。因此，王小平被稱(chēng)為王先生，個(gè)人的名字為小平。大事，在中國(guó)古代，起名非常復(fù)雜。一個(gè)人通常有好幾個(gè)名字，包括姓、氏、名、字，每一個(gè)都表達(dá)不同的意思。姓和氏演變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)在的姓，名和字則演變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)在的名?，F(xiàn)在人們通常用姓氏來(lái)指一個(gè)人的姓，用名字來(lái)指一個(gè)人所起的名。對(duì)中國(guó)古代文獻(xiàn)的研究表明，“姓”最初指不同的母系部落（matriarchaltribes）的名字，和人們居住地也有某些關(guān)系。研究表明，“姓”出現(xiàn)于母系社會(huì)時(shí)期，大約四千至五千年之前。 AmodernChineseusuallyhasasurname(“familyname”)orxingandagivenname(“firstname”),orming(ormingzi),alwaysintharorder.ThusWangXiaopingisMr.WangwithpersonalnameXiaoping.InancientChina,however,namingwasverycomplicatedandonepersonusuallyhadseveralnames,andnaminginvolvedxing,shi,mingandzi.Eachofthesefourwordsmeantadifferentthing.Xingandshitogetherformedtoday’ssurname,andmingandzitoday’sgivenname.today,peopleusexingshitorefertoaperson’ssurname,mingzitorefertoone’sgivenname.studyofancientChinesedocumentsshowsthatxingoriginallyreferredtothenamesofdifferentmatriarchaltribes.Italsohadsomethingtodowiththeplacewherepeoplelived.Researchesshowthatxingcameintobeingduringthematrilinealsocietyperiod,aroundfourtofivethousandyearsago. 乒乓球室意向強(qiáng)調(diào)耐力和反應(yīng)能力（reflexes）的運(yùn)動(dòng)，盡管乒乓球本身比較小，運(yùn)動(dòng)強(qiáng)度不大。不論男女老少都可以同臺(tái)公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。由于是室內(nèi)運(yùn)動(dòng)，所以可以常年舉行比賽或進(jìn)行練習(xí)。自此乒乓球運(yùn)動(dòng)誕生以來(lái)，它已經(jīng)經(jīng)歷了巨大的演變。比賽規(guī)則經(jīng)過(guò)了很多次的修改，并且隨著技術(shù)的進(jìn)步和打球方式的改變，運(yùn)動(dòng)器材也發(fā)生了變化。這些改良（refinement）只是證明了乒乓球運(yùn)動(dòng)已經(jīng)發(fā)展為意向非常完美的運(yùn)動(dòng)，可以與我們所崇尚的（withreverence）的任何一種經(jīng)典運(yùn)動(dòng)相媲美。 Despiteitssmallsizeandmoderateintensity,ping-pongisasportthatemphasizesenduranceandreflexes.Peopleofallagesandgenderscanplayitonanequalground.Thesportisplayedindoors,soyear-roundcompetitionandpracticearepossible.Ping-ponghasundergoneenormousevolutionsinceitcameintobeing,whichhasexperiencedmanyrevisionsofrulesandseenanimprovementofequipmentastechnologyandplayingstyleschanged.Suchrefinementonlyservesasevidencethatping-pongisindeedafull-fledgedsport,comparabletoanyoftheotherclassicswebeholdwithreverence. 儒家思想是中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)文化的基石。它出現(xiàn)在大約2500年前的春秋時(shí)期（theSpringandAutumnPeriod）,是建立在夏、商、周的傳統(tǒng)文化之上，并由孔子創(chuàng)立的完整觀念體系（ideologicalsystem）。儒家思想博大精深，涵蓋了人性、政治、法律、教育、哲學(xué)、道德各個(gè)領(lǐng)域。如家文化以人本哲學(xué)（humanisticphilosophy）為依托，這表現(xiàn)在它對(duì)人類(lèi)個(gè)體的尊敬、關(guān)注和熱愛(ài)?？偠灾?，儒家文化是世界文化遺產(chǎn)的重要組成部分，是東方文化的代表，惡意是中國(guó)文化傳統(tǒng)的中流砥柱。 ConfucianismisthecornerstoneoftraditionalChineseculture.Foundedabout2500yearsagointheSpringandAutumnPeriod,ConfucianismisacompleteideologicalsystemcreatedbyConfucius,basedonthetraditionalcultureoftheXia,ShangandZhouDynasty.Itisextensiveandprofound,coveringthefieldsofhumanity,politics,law,education,philosophyandethics.Confucianculturerestsonhumanisticphilosophy,whichisshowninitsrespect,attentiontoandloveofhumanindividuals.Inbelief,Confuciancultureisanimportantcomponentofworldculturalheritage,amajorrepresentativeoforientalculture,andthedominantfacetofChineseculturaltradition. 京劇被稱(chēng)為中國(guó)的國(guó)粹（nationalopera），起源于18世紀(jì)晚期，是將音樂(lè)、舞蹈、藝術(shù)和雜技（acrobatics）綜合于一體的戲曲。在中國(guó)，京劇是所以戲曲中最有影響力和代表性的戲曲。中國(guó)的京劇有著200多年的歷史，是中國(guó)的民族瑰寶。京劇有著豐富的劇目（repertoire）、眾多的表演藝術(shù)家和大批的觀眾，在中國(guó)有著其他戲曲無(wú)法匹及的深遠(yuǎn)影響。京劇劇目主要講述前朝傳說(shuō)故事，其中包括古代重要的歷史事件以及王侯將相、才子佳人的故事，講述從堯、舜、禹，春秋戰(zhàn)國(guó)群雄并起的歷史時(shí)期到秦、漢、隋、唐、宋、元、明、清等多朝代的故事。 KnownasChina’snationalopera,BeijingOpera,whichoriginatedinthelate18thcentury,isasynthesisofmusic,dance,artandacrobatics.ItisthemostinfluentialandrepresentativeofalloperasinChina.BeijingOperaisanationaltreasurewithahistoryofmorethan200years.Owingtoitsrichnessofrepertoire,greatnumberofartistsofperformanceandofaudiences,BeijingOperahasprofoundinfluence,whichnootheroperainChinacanrival.TherepertoireofBeijingOperaismainlyengagedinfairytalesofprecedingdynasties,importanthistoricalevents,emperors,ministersandgenerals,geniusesandgreatbeauties,fromYao,Shun,Yu,theSpringandAutumnPeriod,theWarringStatesPeriodtothedynastiesofQin,Han,Sui,Tang,Song,Yuan,Ming,Qing. 不可否認(rèn)，幾乎沒(méi)有哪項(xiàng)科技發(fā)明對(duì)我們的生活產(chǎn)生的影響比得上電視機(jī)的發(fā)明和改進(jìn)給我們帶來(lái)的好處。它是一種電子視聽(tīng)（audiovisual）媒體，是大量信息的重要來(lái)源，讓我們不出家門(mén)就可以看到各種各樣關(guān)于比賽、音樂(lè)會(huì)以及發(fā)生在世界各地的時(shí)間的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)報(bào)道；人們還可以看到大量花樣百出的特別節(jié)目。例如：世界風(fēng)景、風(fēng)俗和文化、神奇海底（seafloor）和龐大的宇宙的壯觀景象等。所有的這一切都在最大程度上豐富了我們生活和知識(shí)。 Admittedly,thereisrarelyanyothertechnologicalinventionhavingsuchagreatimpactonourlifeastheinventionandrevolutionoftelevision.Itisakindofelectricaudiovisualmediaandasourceofabundantinformation,whichgivespeopleeasyaccesstovariouslivereportsaboutgames,concerts,andaffairsoccurringallovertheworld,aswellasavastvarietyofspecialprograms,suchasprogramsaboutworldwidescenery,customandculture,thespectacularsightinmysteriousseafloorandcolossalcosmos,etc.Allofthemenrichourlifeandbroadenourknowledgetosignificantdegree. 清華大學(xué)被視為中國(guó)最著名和選拔人才最嚴(yán)格的大學(xué)之一。清華大學(xué)的校園位于北京西北部的海淀區(qū)，這是專(zhuān)為大學(xué)指定的區(qū)域。它坐落在清代皇家花園的舊址上，保留了一些中式的園林風(fēng)格以及一些傳統(tǒng)的建筑物，但它的許多建筑物都是西式風(fēng)格的，反映了美國(guó)對(duì)它的影響。它擁有中國(guó)最美麗校園之一，擁有中國(guó)最好的工程和應(yīng)用科學(xué)（appliedscience）課程，吸引了全國(guó)最有才華的學(xué)生，其地位和美國(guó)伯克利大學(xué)（Berkeley）、麻省理工學(xué)院以及斯坦福大學(xué)相當(dāng)。 TsinghuaUniversityisregardedasoneofthemostrenownedandmostselectiveuniversitiesinChina,thecampusofTsinghuaUniversityissituatedinnorthwestBeijing,inHaidianDistrictwhichisdesignatedforuniversities.ItislocatedontheformersiteofQingDynastyroyalgardensandretainssomeChinese-stylelandscapesaswellassometraditionalbuildings,butmanyofitsbuildingsareWestern-stylereflectingtheAmericaninfluenceonitshistory.WithoneofthemostbeautifulcampusesandthebestengineeringandappliedscienceprogramsinChina,itattractsthemosttalentedstudentsofthenationandoccupiesapositionsimilartoBerkeley,MIT,andStanfordUniversityintheUS. 中國(guó)是世界上最大的發(fā)展中國(guó)家，人口約占世界總?cè)丝诘?2%。在過(guò)去相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)的時(shí)期里，由于諸多原因，貧困一直困擾著中國(guó)。20世紀(jì)80年代中期，中國(guó)農(nóng)村絕大多數(shù)地區(qū)憑借自身的發(fā)展優(yōu)勢(shì)，經(jīng)濟(jì)得到快速增長(zhǎng)，但少數(shù)地區(qū)由于經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)、歷史、自然等方面的制約，發(fā)展相對(duì)滯后。中國(guó)政府在致力于經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)全面發(fā)展的進(jìn)程中，在全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)實(shí)施了以解決貧困人口溫飽問(wèn)題為主要目標(biāo)的有計(jì)劃、有組織的大規(guī)模扶貧開(kāi)發(fā)，極大地緩解了貧困現(xiàn)象。 Chinaisthelargestdevelopingcountryintheworldanditspopulationaccountsforabout22percentoftheworld’stotal.Foralongperiodofitshistory,Chinahasbeenplaguedbypovertyforvariousreasons.Inthemid-1980s,theeconomyofanoverwhelmingmajorityoftheruralareasinChinagrewdramaticallybyvirtueoftheirownadvantages,butasmallnumberofareasstilllaggedbehindbecauseoftheconstraintsoftheireconomic,social,historical,andnaturalconditions.TheChinesegovernment,whileworkingonall-roundeconomicandsocialdevelopment,hasnationwideimplementedalarge-scaleprogramfordevelopment-orientedpovertyreliefinaplannedandorganizedway.Withthemainobjectiveofhelpingpoverty-strickenpeoplesolvethefoodandclothingproblems,thisprogramhasgonealongwaytowardalleviatingpoverty. 北京有無(wú)數(shù)的胡同(hutong)。平民百姓在胡同里的生活給古都北京帶來(lái)了無(wú)窮的魅力。北京的胡同不僅僅是平民百姓的生活環(huán)境，而且還是一門(mén)建筑藝術(shù)。通常，胡同內(nèi)有一個(gè)大雜院，房間夠4到10個(gè)家庭的差不多20口人住。所以，胡同里的生活充滿了友善和人情味。如今，隨著社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)的飛速發(fā)展，很多胡同被新的高樓大廈所取代。但愿胡同可以保留下來(lái)。 InBeijing,therearenumeroushutongs.Thelifeofcommonpeopleinhutongsbringsendlesscharmtotheancientcapital,Beijing.ThehutonginBeijingisnotonlythelivingenvironmentofcommonpeoplebutalsoakindofarchitecture.Usually,thereisacourtyardcomplexinsidehutong,withroomssharedby4to10familiesofabout20people.Therefore,lifeinhutongsisfulloffriendlinessandgenuinehumanity.Nowadays,withrapidsocialandeconomicdevelopment,manyhutongsarereplacedbynewtallbuildings.Ihopehutongscanbepreserved. 2012年6月 《孫子兵法》（The Art of War）是中國(guó)古代最重要的一部軍事著作之一，是我國(guó)優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化的重要組成部分。孫子（Sun Tzu），即該書(shū)的作者，在書(shū)中揭示的一系列具有普遍意義的軍事規(guī)律，不僅受到軍事家門(mén)的推崇，還在經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)藝術(shù)、人生追求甚至家庭關(guān)系等諸多方面，具有廣泛的指導(dǎo)作用?！秾O子兵法》中的許多名言警句（epigram），富有哲理，意義深遠(yuǎn)，在國(guó)內(nèi)外廣為流傳。如今，《孫子兵法》已被翻譯成多種語(yǔ)言，在世界軍事史上也具有重要的地位。 The Art of War is one of the most important ancient Chinese military literary works, and serves as an important part of outstanding traditional culture in China. Sun Tzu, the author of the book, revealed a series of universal military laws which are not only valued by militarists but also play an extensive guiding role in several fields such as economy, art of leadership, the pursuit of life and even family relationship. There are a lot of famous saying and epigrams in The Art of War that are rich in wisdom and have profound meanings and are thus widely circulated both at home and abroad. Nowadays The Art of War has been translated into many languages and it also plays an important role in the military history of the world. 2012年12月 京劇 京劇（Peking Opera）已有200多年的歷史，是中國(guó)的國(guó)劇。與其他地方戲相比，京劇享有更高的榮譽(yù)，但其實(shí)京劇融合了多種地方戲的元素。京劇演員的臉譜（facial make-up）和戲服都很精美，相比之下舞臺(tái)布景則十分簡(jiǎn)單。表演者主要應(yīng)用四種技能：唱、念、做、打。京劇較擅長(zhǎng)于表現(xiàn)歷史題材的政治、軍事斗爭(zhēng)，故事大多取自于歷史演義和小說(shuō)話本（historic and fictional stories）。在古代，京劇大多是在戶外演出的，因此演員們形成了一種有穿透力的唱腔，以便每個(gè)人都能聽(tīng)到。 Peking Opera, as the national opera of China, has a history of more than 200 years. Compared with other Chinese local operas,Peking Opera enjoys a higher reputation; but actually it absorbed many elements of other local operas. The facial make-up and costumers of the performs are very delicate; by contrast, the backdrops are quiet plain. During performance, the performers mainly utilize four skills: song, speech, dance, and combat. Peking Opera is better at performing political and military struggle with historic and the performed stories are mainly from historic and fictional stories. In ancient times, Peking Opera, was mostly performed in the open air, so the performers developed a piercing style of song that could be heard by everyone. 2013年6月 中國(guó)衛(wèi)生監(jiān)督部門(mén)決定在未來(lái)三到五年之內(nèi)建立一個(gè)全國(guó)性的網(wǎng)絡(luò)，用以監(jiān)測(cè)空氣污染對(duì)人類(lèi)健康的影響。這一目標(biāo)于國(guó)家衛(wèi)生和計(jì)劃生育委員會(huì)(National Health and Family Planning Commission )針對(duì)空氣污染的一份工作文件中披露，根據(jù)這份文件，該網(wǎng)絡(luò)將搜集不同地區(qū)空氣中的PM2.5數(shù)據(jù)和主要空氣污染物濃度變化的數(shù)據(jù)。這將為分析和評(píng)估空氣污染對(duì)健康的影響提供數(shù)據(jù)支持。這一文件提到，缺乏長(zhǎng)期而系統(tǒng)的監(jiān)測(cè)使國(guó)家無(wú)法揭示空氣污染和人類(lèi)健康之間的聯(lián)系。 China’s health watchdog has decided to set up a national network to monitor the impact air pollution on human’s health within the coming three to five years. The goal was revealed in a work document on air pollution released by National Health and Family Planning Commission. According to the document, the network will gather data on PM2.5 in the air in different regions and the density changes of main air pollutants. That will provide data support for the analysis and evaluation of the impact of air pollution on health. The document noted that lack of long-term and systematic monitoring prevented the country from uncovering the link between air pollution and human’s health. 2013年12月第一套 中國(guó)人自古以來(lái)就在中秋時(shí)節(jié)慶祝豐收。這與北美地區(qū)慶祝感恩節(jié)的習(xí)俗十分相似。過(guò)中秋節(jié)的習(xí)俗于唐代早期在中國(guó)各地開(kāi)始流行。中秋節(jié)在農(nóng)歷八月十五，是人門(mén)拜月的節(jié)日。這天夜晚皓月當(dāng)空，人們合家團(tuán)聚，共賞明月。2006年，中秋節(jié)貝類(lèi)為中國(guó)文化遺產(chǎn)，2008年又被定位公共假日。月餅被視為中秋節(jié)不可或缺的美食。人們將月餅作為禮物饋贈(zèng)親友或在家庭聚會(huì)上享用。傳統(tǒng)的月餅上帶有“壽（longevity）”、“?！被颉昂汀钡茸謽?。 Since ancient times, Chinese people have celebrated their harvest during mid-autumn, which is quite similar to the custom of celebrating Thanksgiving Day in North America. The custom of celebrating Mid-Autumn Festival started gaining its popularity in the early Tang Dynasty around China. The Mid-Autumn Festival ,celebrated on the 15th day of the eighth lunar month, is a festival for Chinese people to worship the moon. During the night of the day when the bright moon is shining in the sky, there will be family reunions and family members will enjoy the bight moon together. In 2006, the Mid-Autumn Festival was listed as a Chinese cultural heritage, and in 2008, it was designated as a public holiday. The moon cake is seen as the indispensable fine food for the Mid-Autumn Festival. People send moon cakes as gifts to their relatives and friends or they eat moon cakes at family gatherings. Traditional moon cakes are imprinted with Chinese characters conveying such meanings as “l(fā)ongevity”, “blessing”or “harmony”. 2013年12月第三套 聞名于世界的絲綢之路是一系列連接?xùn)|西方的路線。絲綢之路延伸6000多公里，得名于中國(guó)古代的絲綢貿(mào)易。絲綢之路上的貿(mào)易在中國(guó)、南亞、歐洲和中東文明發(fā)展中發(fā)揮了重要的作用。正式通過(guò)絲綢之路，中國(guó)的造紙、火藥、指南針、印刷術(shù)這四大發(fā)明才被引介到世界各地。同樣，中國(guó)的絲綢、茶葉和瓷器(porcelain)也傳遍全球。物質(zhì)文化的交流是雙向的，歐洲也通過(guò)絲綢之路出口各種商品和植物，滿足中國(guó)市場(chǎng)的需求。 The word-famous Silk Road refers to a series of routes that connect the East and the West. The Silk Road extends for over 6,000 kilometers and derived its name from ancient China’s silk trade. The trades that occurred on the Silk Road played an important role in the development process of the civilization of China, South Asia, Europe and the Middle East. It is by way of the Silk Road that China’s four great inventions, namely paper-making, powder, compass and printing technology, were introduced to all over the word. Similarly, Chinese silk, tea and porcelain also spread to the whole word. Material and cultural exchanges are two-ways, for Europe also satisfied the demands of Chinese market by exporting various commodities and plants to China through the Silk Road. 2013年12月第二套 中國(guó)園林（the Chinese garden）是經(jīng)過(guò)三千多年演變而成的獨(dú)具一格的園林景觀（landscape）。它既包括為皇室成員享樂(lè)而建造的大型花園，也包括學(xué)者、商人和卸任的政府官員為擺脫嘈雜的外部世界而建造的私家花園。這些花園構(gòu)成了一種意在表達(dá)人與自然之間應(yīng)有的和諧關(guān)系的微縮景觀。典型的中國(guó)園林四周有圍墻，園內(nèi)有池塘、假山（rock-work）、樹(shù)木、花草以及各種各樣由蜿蜒的小路和走廊連接的建筑。漫步在花園中，人們可以看到一系列精心設(shè)計(jì)的景觀猶如山水畫(huà)卷（scroll）一般展現(xiàn)在面前。 The Chinese garden is a unique landscape in virtue of evolution of more than three thousand years. It includes not only the large gardens built by the royal family for enjoyment, but also the private ones built by scholars, businessmen and former government officials for getting rid of the hustle and bustle of the outside world. These gardens constitute a kind of miniaturized landscape which aims at displaying the due harmonious relationship between human and nature. Typical Chinese gardens are surrounded by walls. In the gardens there are ponds, rock-works, trees, flowers and plants, and various architectures that are connected by winding paths or corridors. When rambling in the gardens, people can enjoy a series of elaborately designed landscapes which are presented in front of them like a landscape painting scroll. 2014年6月 北京計(jì)劃未來(lái)三年投資7,600億元治理污染，從減少PM2.5排放入手。這一新公布的計(jì)劃旨在減少四種主要污染源，包括500多萬(wàn)輛機(jī)動(dòng)車(chē)的尾氣（exhaust）排放、周邊地區(qū)燃煤、來(lái)自北方的沙塵暴和本地的建筑灰塵。另有850億元用于新建或升級(jí)城市垃圾處理和污水（sewage）處理設(shè)施，加上300醫(yī)院投資未來(lái)三年的植樹(shù)造林（forestation）。 市政府還計(jì)劃建造一批水循環(huán)利用工廠，并制止違章建筑，以改善環(huán)境。另外，北京還將更嚴(yán)厲地處罰違反限排規(guī)定的行為。 Beijing has planned to invest 760 billion yuan to tackle pollution in coming three years, starting from reducing the PM2.5 emissions. The newly released plan is aimed at reducing four major pollution sources, including the exhaust emissions from more than 5 million motor vehicles, the burning of coals in the surrounding areas, the sandstorms from the North and the local construction dusts. Another 85 billion yuan will be used to build or upgrade the facilities for treatment of urban garbage and sewage and additional 30 billion yuan will be invested in forestation in the next three years. The municipal government also plans to set up a group of water recycling factories and curb peccancy buildings in order to improve the environment. In addition, Beijing will punish more severely the behaviors that violate the regulations of emission limitation. 社會(huì)生活 宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì) macro economy 社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì) socialist market economy 知識(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì) knowledge economy 網(wǎng)絡(luò)經(jīng)濟(jì) Internet-based economy 經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)律 law of economy 大規(guī)模生產(chǎn) mass production 生產(chǎn)力 productive forces 生產(chǎn)關(guān)系 relations of production 公有制 public ownership 私有制 private ownership 國(guó)有企業(yè) state-owned enterprises (SOEs) 私營(yíng)企業(yè) private business 民營(yíng)企業(yè) privately-run business 中小企業(yè) small and medium enterprises (SMEs) 連鎖企業(yè) franchise / chain business 國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值 Gross National Product (GNP) 國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) 實(shí)際增長(zhǎng)率 growth rate in real terms 年均增長(zhǎng)率 average growth rate per annum 可持續(xù)增長(zhǎng) sustainable growth 經(jīng)濟(jì)效益 economic returns 投資回報(bào)率 rate of return on investment 衰退 recession 宏觀調(diào)控 macro control 提高經(jīng)濟(jì)效益 enhance economic performance 扭虧為盈 turn a loss-making business into a profitable one 優(yōu)化經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu) optimize economic structure 擴(kuò)大內(nèi)需 expand domestic demand 國(guó)計(jì)民生 national interest and people’s livelihood 經(jīng)濟(jì)特區(qū) special economic zones “十二五規(guī)劃“ the 12th Five-Year Plan for National and Economic and Social Development 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)投資 venture investment 經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮 economic boom 發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家 developed countries 不發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家 underdeveloped countries 發(fā)展中國(guó)家 developing countries 經(jīng)濟(jì)交流 economic exchange 跨國(guó)公司 multinational corporation 利用外資 utilization of foreign capital 知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán) intellectual property rights 版權(quán) copyright 專(zhuān)利patent 商標(biāo) trademark 互通有無(wú) mutual exchange of needed products 法治 rule