英語六級翻譯.doc

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新題型六級翻譯練習(xí)(1) 四合院（Siheyuan）是中國傳統(tǒng)民居中最重要的形式。它數(shù)量多、分布廣，并且在漢族、滿族、白族以及其他少數(shù)民族中十分流行。大多數(shù)房屋采用木質(zhì)框架。主屋建在南北走向的軸線上，兩個廂房則位于四合院的兩側(cè)。家庭中的長者住在主屋里，而兩翼則是年輕一代的臥室。婦女住在內(nèi)院?？腿撕湍衅妥≡谕庠?。這種分不符合封建禮制（feudalregulations）。四合院遍布全國的城鄉(xiāng)，但由于各地自然條件和生活方式各有不同，因此發(fā)展出各自的特征。北京的四合院式最具代表性的。 SiheyuanisthemostimportantformofChinesetraditionalresidentialhouse.Itisgreatinnumberandwideindistribution,popularamongtheHan,Manchu,Bai,andsomeofotherminoritygroups.Mostofthehousesareofwoodframework.Theprincipalroomisbuiltonthesouth-northaxis,andtwowingroomsarelocatedonbothsidesofit.Thefamilyeldersliveintheprincipalroomandwingsarethebedroomsfortheyoungergenerations.Womenliveintheinneryard.Guestsandmaleservantsliveintheouteryard.Thisdistributionisinaccordancewiththefeudalregulations.SiheyuanspreadsovertownsandvillagesthroughoutChina,buteachdevelopeditsowncharacteristicsasaresultofrespectivenaturalconditionsanddifferentwayoflife.SiheyuaninBeijingisthemostrepresentative. 風(fēng)水（Fengshui）是中國建筑中的一個特殊傳統(tǒng)，是古人對空間的布置與安排方法，其目的是為了實現(xiàn)建筑與環(huán)境的和諧共存。風(fēng)水的字面意思就是“風(fēng)和水”。在古代，風(fēng)水通常將從選址、設(shè)計、建筑直到內(nèi)部和外部裝修的整個過程聯(lián)系在一起。它將天、地、人三者融為一體，并且在所選的地址、方位、自然法則以及人類命運之間尋求和諧。它反對人對自然的破壞，而是強調(diào)人與環(huán)境的共處，這種狀態(tài)被認為是完美的、神秘的。 Fengshui,aspecialChinesetraditioninarchitecture,istheancientChinesepracticeofplacementandarrangementofspacetoachievecoexistenceinharmonywiththeenvironment.Fengshuiliterallytranslatesas“wind-water”.Fengshuiusuallylinksthewholeprocessfromsiteselection,designing,constructionandinteriorandexteriordecorationinancienttimes.ItcombinesthetrinityoftheHeaven,theEarthandhumans,andseeksharmonybetweenselectedsite,orientation,naturaldoctrineandhumanfate.Itrepulseshumandestructionofnatureandstressescohabitationwiththeenvironment,whichisregardedasperfectandoccult. 舞龍（Dragondance）是中國文化中一種傳統(tǒng)的舞蹈與表演形式。它起源于漢朝并且有信仰并尊敬龍的中國人所開創(chuàng)。人們認為舞龍一開始是農(nóng)耕文化的組成部分，起初也是治病和防病的一種方法。舞龍在宋朝（SongDynasty）就已經(jīng)成為一項流行的活動。舞龍是中國文化和傳統(tǒng)的重要組成部分，已經(jīng)傳遍了中國乃至全世界，而且已經(jīng)成為中國體育活動中的一種特殊的藝術(shù)表演。它象征著在來年為世界上所有人帶來好運和興旺。 DragondanceisaformoftraditionaldanceandperformanceinChineseculture.ItoriginatedduringtheHanDynastyandwasstartedbytheChinesewhohadshowngreatbeliefandrespecttowardsthedragon.Itisbelievedtohavebegunaspartofthefarmingandharvestculture,alsowithoriginsasamethodofhealingandpreventingsickness.ThedragondancewasalreadyapopulareventduringtheSongDynasty.DragondanceisanimportantpartoftheChinesecultureandtradition.IthasspreadthroughoutChinaandtothewholeworldandbecomeaspecialperformanceofartsintheChinesephysicalactivities.Itsymbolizesgoodluckandprosperityintheyeartocomeforallthehumanbeingsfortheearth. 中國結(jié)(TheChineseKnot)是一種古老的藝術(shù)形式。人們發(fā)現(xiàn)，繩結(jié)可以追溯到10萬年前。中國人不僅用繩結(jié)來固定、包裹、狩獵、捕魚，還用來記錄事件，而且有些繩結(jié)純粹起裝飾作用。中國結(jié)具有文化內(nèi)涵（culturalconnotation）。由于結(jié)在漢語中的發(fā)音與“吉”相近，吉的意思為“福、祿、壽、喜、財、安、康”，這是中國人永恒的追求，因此有些中國結(jié)表達出人們的各種愿望。例如：新婚夫婦的房間通常用一個盤長結(jié)（Pan-changKnot）來裝飾，象征著永恒的愛情。 TheChineseKnotisanancientartformandtheartifactscouldbefoundasfarbackas100000yearsago.Chinesepeopleusedknotsformorethanjustfastening,wrapping,hunting,fishing.Knotswerealsousedtorecordevents,andsomeknotshadpurelyornamentalfunctions.TheChineseKnothasculturalconnotations.Sinceknotispronouncedas“jie”inChinesesimilarwiththatof“Ji”,whichmeansblessing,goodsalary,longevity,happiness,fortune,safetyandhealthandistheeverlastingpursuitofChinesepeople,someChineseKnotsexpresspeople’svarioushopes.Forexample,theroomofnewlywedsisusuallydecoratedwithaPan-ChangKnottosymbolizeeternallove. 現(xiàn)代中國人的姓名通常由姓（家庭姓氏）和名（個人所起的名字）組成，并且姓在前，名在后。因此，王小平被稱為王先生，個人的名字為小平。大事，在中國古代，起名非常復(fù)雜。一個人通常有好幾個名字，包括姓、氏、名、字，每一個都表達不同的意思。姓和氏演變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)在的姓，名和字則演變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)在的名。現(xiàn)在人們通常用姓氏來指一個人的姓，用名字來指一個人所起的名。對中國古代文獻的研究表明，“姓”最初指不同的母系部落（matriarchaltribes）的名字，和人們居住地也有某些關(guān)系。研究表明，“姓”出現(xiàn)于母系社會時期，大約四千至五千年之前。 AmodernChineseusuallyhasasurname(“familyname”)orxingandagivenname(“firstname”),orming(ormingzi),alwaysintharorder.ThusWangXiaopingisMr.WangwithpersonalnameXiaoping.InancientChina,however,namingwasverycomplicatedandonepersonusuallyhadseveralnames,andnaminginvolvedxing,shi,mingandzi.Eachofthesefourwordsmeantadifferentthing.Xingandshitogetherformedtoday’ssurname,andmingandzitoday’sgivenname.today,peopleusexingshitorefertoaperson’ssurname,mingzitorefertoone’sgivenname.studyofancientChinesedocumentsshowsthatxingoriginallyreferredtothenamesofdifferentmatriarchaltribes.Italsohadsomethingtodowiththeplacewherepeoplelived.Researchesshowthatxingcameintobeingduringthematrilinealsocietyperiod,aroundfourtofivethousandyearsago. 乒乓球室意向強調(diào)耐力和反應(yīng)能力（reflexes）的運動，盡管乒乓球本身比較小，運動強度不大。不論男女老少都可以同臺公平競爭。由于是室內(nèi)運動，所以可以常年舉行比賽或進行練習(xí)。自此乒乓球運動誕生以來，它已經(jīng)經(jīng)歷了巨大的演變。比賽規(guī)則經(jīng)過了很多次的修改，并且隨著技術(shù)的進步和打球方式的改變，運動器材也發(fā)生了變化。這些改良（refinement）只是證明了乒乓球運動已經(jīng)發(fā)展為意向非常完美的運動，可以與我們所崇尚的（withreverence）的任何一種經(jīng)典運動相媲美。 Despiteitssmallsizeandmoderateintensity,ping-pongisasportthatemphasizesenduranceandreflexes.Peopleofallagesandgenderscanplayitonanequalground.Thesportisplayedindoors,soyear-roundcompetitionandpracticearepossible.Ping-ponghasundergoneenormousevolutionsinceitcameintobeing,whichhasexperiencedmanyrevisionsofrulesandseenanimprovementofequipmentastechnologyandplayingstyleschanged.Suchrefinementonlyservesasevidencethatping-pongisindeedafull-fledgedsport,comparabletoanyoftheotherclassicswebeholdwithreverence. 儒家思想是中國傳統(tǒng)文化的基石。它出現(xiàn)在大約2500年前的春秋時期（theSpringandAutumnPeriod）,是建立在夏、商、周的傳統(tǒng)文化之上，并由孔子創(chuàng)立的完整觀念體系（ideologicalsystem）。儒家思想博大精深，涵蓋了人性、政治、法律、教育、哲學(xué)、道德各個領(lǐng)域。如家文化以人本哲學(xué)（humanisticphilosophy）為依托，這表現(xiàn)在它對人類個體的尊敬、關(guān)注和熱愛。總而言之，儒家文化是世界文化遺產(chǎn)的重要組成部分，是東方文化的代表，惡意是中國文化傳統(tǒng)的中流砥柱。 ConfucianismisthecornerstoneoftraditionalChineseculture.Foundedabout2500yearsagointheSpringandAutumnPeriod,ConfucianismisacompleteideologicalsystemcreatedbyConfucius,basedonthetraditionalcultureoftheXia,ShangandZhouDynasty.Itisextensiveandprofound,coveringthefieldsofhumanity,politics,law,education,philosophyandethics.Confucianculturerestsonhumanisticphilosophy,whichisshowninitsrespect,attentiontoandloveofhumanindividuals.Inbelief,Confuciancultureisanimportantcomponentofworldculturalheritage,amajorrepresentativeoforientalculture,andthedominantfacetofChineseculturaltradition. 京劇被稱為中國的國粹（nationalopera），起源于18世紀晚期，是將音樂、舞蹈、藝術(shù)和雜技（acrobatics）綜合于一體的戲曲。在中國，京劇是所以戲曲中最有影響力和代表性的戲曲。中國的京劇有著200多年的歷史，是中國的民族瑰寶。京劇有著豐富的劇目（repertoire）、眾多的表演藝術(shù)家和大批的觀眾，在中國有著其他戲曲無法匹及的深遠影響。京劇劇目主要講述前朝傳說故事，其中包括古代重要的歷史事件以及王侯將相、才子佳人的故事，講述從堯、舜、禹，春秋戰(zhàn)國群雄并起的歷史時期到秦、漢、隋、唐、宋、元、明、清等多朝代的故事。 KnownasChina’snationalopera,BeijingOpera,whichoriginatedinthelate18thcentury,isasynthesisofmusic,dance,artandacrobatics.ItisthemostinfluentialandrepresentativeofalloperasinChina.BeijingOperaisanationaltreasurewithahistoryofmorethan200years.Owingtoitsrichnessofrepertoire,greatnumberofartistsofperformanceandofaudiences,BeijingOperahasprofoundinfluence,whichnootheroperainChinacanrival.TherepertoireofBeijingOperaismainlyengagedinfairytalesofprecedingdynasties,importanthistoricalevents,emperors,ministersandgenerals,geniusesandgreatbeauties,fromYao,Shun,Yu,theSpringandAutumnPeriod,theWarringStatesPeriodtothedynastiesofQin,Han,Sui,Tang,Song,Yuan,Ming,Qing. 不可否認，幾乎沒有哪項科技發(fā)明對我們的生活產(chǎn)生的影響比得上電視機的發(fā)明和改進給我們帶來的好處。它是一種電子視聽（audiovisual）媒體，是大量信息的重要來源，讓我們不出家門就可以看到各種各樣關(guān)于比賽、音樂會以及發(fā)生在世界各地的時間的現(xiàn)場報道；人們還可以看到大量花樣百出的特別節(jié)目。例如：世界風(fēng)景、風(fēng)俗和文化、神奇海底（seafloor）和龐大的宇宙的壯觀景象等。所有的這一切都在最大程度上豐富了我們生活和知識。 Admittedly,thereisrarelyanyothertechnologicalinventionhavingsuchagreatimpactonourlifeastheinventionandrevolutionoftelevision.Itisakindofelectricaudiovisualmediaandasourceofabundantinformation,whichgivespeopleeasyaccesstovariouslivereportsaboutgames,concerts,andaffairsoccurringallovertheworld,aswellasavastvarietyofspecialprograms,suchasprogramsaboutworldwidescenery,customandculture,thespectacularsightinmysteriousseafloorandcolossalcosmos,etc.Allofthemenrichourlifeandbroadenourknowledgetosignificantdegree. 清華大學(xué)被視為中國最著名和選拔人才最嚴格的大學(xué)之一。清華大學(xué)的校園位于北京西北部的海淀區(qū)，這是專為大學(xué)指定的區(qū)域。它坐落在清代皇家花園的舊址上，保留了一些中式的園林風(fēng)格以及一些傳統(tǒng)的建筑物，但它的許多建筑物都是西式風(fēng)格的，反映了美國對它的影響。它擁有中國最美麗校園之一，擁有中國最好的工程和應(yīng)用科學(xué)（appliedscience）課程，吸引了全國最有才華的學(xué)生，其地位和美國伯克利大學(xué)（Berkeley）、麻省理工學(xué)院以及斯坦福大學(xué)相當(dāng)。 TsinghuaUniversityisregardedasoneofthemostrenownedandmostselectiveuniversitiesinChina,thecampusofTsinghuaUniversityissituatedinnorthwestBeijing,inHaidianDistrictwhichisdesignatedforuniversities.ItislocatedontheformersiteofQingDynastyroyalgardensandretainssomeChinese-stylelandscapesaswellassometraditionalbuildings,butmanyofitsbuildingsareWestern-stylereflectingtheAmericaninfluenceonitshistory.WithoneofthemostbeautifulcampusesandthebestengineeringandappliedscienceprogramsinChina,itattractsthemosttalentedstudentsofthenationandoccupiesapositionsimilartoBerkeley,MIT,andStanfordUniversityintheUS. 中國是世界上最大的發(fā)展中國家，人口約占世界總?cè)丝诘?2%。在過去相當(dāng)長的時期里，由于諸多原因，貧困一直困擾著中國。20世紀80年代中期，中國農(nóng)村絕大多數(shù)地區(qū)憑借自身的發(fā)展優(yōu)勢，經(jīng)濟得到快速增長，但少數(shù)地區(qū)由于經(jīng)濟、社會、歷史、自然等方面的制約，發(fā)展相對滯后。中國政府在致力于經(jīng)濟和社會全面發(fā)展的進程中，在全國范圍內(nèi)實施了以解決貧困人口溫飽問題為主要目標(biāo)的有計劃、有組織的大規(guī)模扶貧開發(fā)，極大地緩解了貧困現(xiàn)象。 Chinaisthelargestdevelopingcountryintheworldanditspopulationaccountsforabout22percentoftheworld’stotal.Foralongperiodofitshistory,Chinahasbeenplaguedbypovertyforvariousreasons.Inthemid-1980s,theeconomyofanoverwhelmingmajorityoftheruralareasinChinagrewdramaticallybyvirtueoftheirownadvantages,butasmallnumberofareasstilllaggedbehindbecauseoftheconstraintsoftheireconomic,social,historical,andnaturalconditions.TheChinesegovernment,whileworkingonall-roundeconomicandsocialdevelopment,hasnationwideimplementedalarge-scaleprogramfordevelopment-orientedpovertyreliefinaplannedandorganizedway.Withthemainobjectiveofhelpingpoverty-strickenpeoplesolvethefoodandclothingproblems,thisprogramhasgonealongwaytowardalleviatingpoverty. 北京有無數(shù)的胡同(hutong)。平民百姓在胡同里的生活給古都北京帶來了無窮的魅力。北京的胡同不僅僅是平民百姓的生活環(huán)境，而且還是一門建筑藝術(shù)。通常，胡同內(nèi)有一個大雜院，房間夠4到10個家庭的差不多20口人住。所以，胡同里的生活充滿了友善和人情味。如今，隨著社會和經(jīng)濟的飛速發(fā)展，很多胡同被新的高樓大廈所取代。但愿胡同可以保留下來。 InBeijing,therearenumeroushutongs.Thelifeofcommonpeopleinhutongsbringsendlesscharmtotheancientcapital,Beijing.ThehutonginBeijingisnotonlythelivingenvironmentofcommonpeoplebutalsoakindofarchitecture.Usually,thereisacourtyardcomplexinsidehutong,withroomssharedby4to10familiesofabout20people.Therefore,lifeinhutongsisfulloffriendlinessandgenuinehumanity.Nowadays,withrapidsocialandeconomicdevelopment,manyhutongsarereplacedbynewtallbuildings.Ihopehutongscanbepreserved. 2012年6月 《孫子兵法》（The Art of War）是中國古代最重要的一部軍事著作之一，是我國優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化的重要組成部分。孫子（Sun Tzu），即該書的作者，在書中揭示的一系列具有普遍意義的軍事規(guī)律，不僅受到軍事家門的推崇，還在經(jīng)濟領(lǐng)域、領(lǐng)導(dǎo)藝術(shù)、人生追求甚至家庭關(guān)系等諸多方面，具有廣泛的指導(dǎo)作用?！秾O子兵法》中的許多名言警句（epigram），富有哲理，意義深遠，在國內(nèi)外廣為流傳。如今，《孫子兵法》已被翻譯成多種語言，在世界軍事史上也具有重要的地位。 The Art of War is one of the most important ancient Chinese military literary works, and serves as an important part of outstanding traditional culture in China. Sun Tzu, the author of the book, revealed a series of universal military laws which are not only valued by militarists but also play an extensive guiding role in several fields such as economy, art of leadership, the pursuit of life and even family relationship. There are a lot of famous saying and epigrams in The Art of War that are rich in wisdom and have profound meanings and are thus widely circulated both at home and abroad. Nowadays The Art of War has been translated into many languages and it also plays an important role in the military history of the world. 2012年12月 京劇 京?。≒eking Opera）已有200多年的歷史，是中國的國劇。與其他地方戲相比，京劇享有更高的榮譽，但其實京劇融合了多種地方戲的元素。京劇演員的臉譜（facial make-up）和戲服都很精美，相比之下舞臺布景則十分簡單。表演者主要應(yīng)用四種技能：唱、念、做、打。京劇較擅長于表現(xiàn)歷史題材的政治、軍事斗爭，故事大多取自于歷史演義和小說話本（historic and fictional stories）。在古代，京劇大多是在戶外演出的，因此演員們形成了一種有穿透力的唱腔，以便每個人都能聽到。 Peking Opera, as the national opera of China, has a history of more than 200 years. Compared with other Chinese local operas,Peking Opera enjoys a higher reputation; but actually it absorbed many elements of other local operas. The facial make-up and costumers of the performs are very delicate; by contrast, the backdrops are quiet plain. During performance, the performers mainly utilize four skills: song, speech, dance, and combat. Peking Opera is better at performing political and military struggle with historic and the performed stories are mainly from historic and fictional stories. In ancient times, Peking Opera, was mostly performed in the open air, so the performers developed a piercing style of song that could be heard by everyone. 2013年6月 中國衛(wèi)生監(jiān)督部門決定在未來三到五年之內(nèi)建立一個全國性的網(wǎng)絡(luò)，用以監(jiān)測空氣污染對人類健康的影響。這一目標(biāo)于國家衛(wèi)生和計劃生育委員會(National Health and Family Planning Commission )針對空氣污染的一份工作文件中披露，根據(jù)這份文件，該網(wǎng)絡(luò)將搜集不同地區(qū)空氣中的PM2.5數(shù)據(jù)和主要空氣污染物濃度變化的數(shù)據(jù)。這將為分析和評估空氣污染對健康的影響提供數(shù)據(jù)支持。這一文件提到，缺乏長期而系統(tǒng)的監(jiān)測使國家無法揭示空氣污染和人類健康之間的聯(lián)系。 China’s health watchdog has decided to set up a national network to monitor the impact air pollution on human’s health within the coming three to five years. The goal was revealed in a work document on air pollution released by National Health and Family Planning Commission. According to the document, the network will gather data on PM2.5 in the air in different regions and the density changes of main air pollutants. That will provide data support for the analysis and evaluation of the impact of air pollution on health. The document noted that lack of long-term and systematic monitoring prevented the country from uncovering the link between air pollution and human’s health. 2013年12月第一套 中國人自古以來就在中秋時節(jié)慶祝豐收。這與北美地區(qū)慶祝感恩節(jié)的習(xí)俗十分相似。過中秋節(jié)的習(xí)俗于唐代早期在中國各地開始流行。中秋節(jié)在農(nóng)歷八月十五，是人門拜月的節(jié)日。這天夜晚皓月當(dāng)空，人們合家團聚，共賞明月。2006年，中秋節(jié)貝類為中國文化遺產(chǎn)，2008年又被定位公共假日。月餅被視為中秋節(jié)不可或缺的美食。人們將月餅作為禮物饋贈親友或在家庭聚會上享用。傳統(tǒng)的月餅上帶有“壽（longevity）”、“?！被颉昂汀钡茸謽?。 Since ancient times, Chinese people have celebrated their harvest during mid-autumn, which is quite similar to the custom of celebrating Thanksgiving Day in North America. The custom of celebrating Mid-Autumn Festival started gaining its popularity in the early Tang Dynasty around China. The Mid-Autumn Festival ,celebrated on the 15th day of the eighth lunar month, is a festival for Chinese people to worship the moon. During the night of the day when the bright moon is shining in the sky, there will be family reunions and family members will enjoy the bight moon together. In 2006, the Mid-Autumn Festival was listed as a Chinese cultural heritage, and in 2008, it was designated as a public holiday. The moon cake is seen as the indispensable fine food for the Mid-Autumn Festival. People send moon cakes as gifts to their relatives and friends or they eat moon cakes at family gatherings. Traditional moon cakes are imprinted with Chinese characters conveying such meanings as “l(fā)ongevity”, “blessing”or “harmony”. 2013年12月第三套 聞名于世界的絲綢之路是一系列連接?xùn)|西方的路線。絲綢之路延伸6000多公里，得名于中國古代的絲綢貿(mào)易。絲綢之路上的貿(mào)易在中國、南亞、歐洲和中東文明發(fā)展中發(fā)揮了重要的作用。正式通過絲綢之路，中國的造紙、火藥、指南針、印刷術(shù)這四大發(fā)明才被引介到世界各地。同樣，中國的絲綢、茶葉和瓷器(porcelain)也傳遍全球。物質(zhì)文化的交流是雙向的，歐洲也通過絲綢之路出口各種商品和植物，滿足中國市場的需求。 The word-famous Silk Road refers to a series of routes that connect the East and the West. The Silk Road extends for over 6,000 kilometers and derived its name from ancient China’s silk trade. The trades that occurred on the Silk Road played an important role in the development process of the civilization of China, South Asia, Europe and the Middle East. It is by way of the Silk Road that China’s four great inventions, namely paper-making, powder, compass and printing technology, were introduced to all over the word. Similarly, Chinese silk, tea and porcelain also spread to the whole word. Material and cultural exchanges are two-ways, for Europe also satisfied the demands of Chinese market by exporting various commodities and plants to China through the Silk Road. 2013年12月第二套 中國園林（the Chinese garden）是經(jīng)過三千多年演變而成的獨具一格的園林景觀（landscape）。它既包括為皇室成員享樂而建造的大型花園，也包括學(xué)者、商人和卸任的政府官員為擺脫嘈雜的外部世界而建造的私家花園。這些花園構(gòu)成了一種意在表達人與自然之間應(yīng)有的和諧關(guān)系的微縮景觀。典型的中國園林四周有圍墻，園內(nèi)有池塘、假山（rock-work）、樹木、花草以及各種各樣由蜿蜒的小路和走廊連接的建筑。漫步在花園中，人們可以看到一系列精心設(shè)計的景觀猶如山水畫卷（scroll）一般展現(xiàn)在面前。 The Chinese garden is a unique landscape in virtue of evolution of more than three thousand years. It includes not only the large gardens built by the royal family for enjoyment, but also the private ones built by scholars, businessmen and former government officials for getting rid of the hustle and bustle of the outside world. These gardens constitute a kind of miniaturized landscape which aims at displaying the due harmonious relationship between human and nature. Typical Chinese gardens are surrounded by walls. In the gardens there are ponds, rock-works, trees, flowers and plants, and various architectures that are connected by winding paths or corridors. When rambling in the gardens, people can enjoy a series of elaborately designed landscapes which are presented in front of them like a landscape painting scroll. 2014年6月 北京計劃未來三年投資7,600億元治理污染，從減少PM2.5排放入手。這一新公布的計劃旨在減少四種主要污染源，包括500多萬輛機動車的尾氣（exhaust）排放、周邊地區(qū)燃煤、來自北方的沙塵暴和本地的建筑灰塵。另有850億元用于新建或升級城市垃圾處理和污水（sewage）處理設(shè)施，加上300醫(yī)院投資未來三年的植樹造林（forestation）。 市政府還計劃建造一批水循環(huán)利用工廠，并制止違章建筑，以改善環(huán)境。另外，北京還將更嚴厲地處罰違反限排規(guī)定的行為。 Beijing has planned to invest 760 billion yuan to tackle pollution in coming three years, starting from reducing the PM2.5 emissions. The newly released plan is aimed at reducing four major pollution sources, including the exhaust emissions from more than 5 million motor vehicles, the burning of coals in the surrounding areas, the sandstorms from the North and the local construction dusts. Another 85 billion yuan will be used to build or upgrade the facilities for treatment of urban garbage and sewage and additional 30 billion yuan will be invested in forestation in the next three years. The municipal government also plans to set up a group of water recycling factories and curb peccancy buildings in order to improve the environment. In addition, Beijing will punish more severely the behaviors that violate the regulations of emission limitation. 社會生活 宏觀經(jīng)濟 macro economy 社會主義市場經(jīng)濟 socialist market economy 知識經(jīng)濟 knowledge economy 網(wǎng)絡(luò)經(jīng)濟 Internet-based economy 經(jīng)濟規(guī)律 law of economy 大規(guī)模生產(chǎn) mass production 生產(chǎn)力 productive forces 生產(chǎn)關(guān)系 relations of production 公有制 public ownership 私有制 private ownership 國有企業(yè) state-owned enterprises (SOEs) 私營企業(yè) private business 民營企業(yè) privately-run business 中小企業(yè) small and medium enterprises (SMEs) 連鎖企業(yè) franchise / chain business 國民生產(chǎn)總值 Gross National Product (GNP) 國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) 實際增長率 growth rate in real terms 年均增長率 average growth rate per annum 可持續(xù)增長 sustainable growth 經(jīng)濟效益 economic returns 投資回報率 rate of return on investment 衰退 recession 宏觀調(diào)控 macro control 提高經(jīng)濟效益 enhance economic performance 扭虧為盈 turn a loss-making business into a profitable one 優(yōu)化經(jīng)濟結(jié)構(gòu) optimize economic structure 擴大內(nèi)需 expand domestic demand 國計民生 national interest and people’s livelihood 經(jīng)濟特區(qū) special economic zones “十二五規(guī)劃“ the 12th Five-Year Plan for National and Economic and Social Development 風(fēng)險投資 venture investment 經(jīng)濟繁榮 economic boom 發(fā)達國家 developed countries 不發(fā)達國家 underdeveloped countries 發(fā)展中國家 developing countries 經(jīng)濟交流 economic exchange 跨國公司 multinational corporation 利用外資 utilization of foreign capital 知識產(chǎn)權(quán) intellectual property rights 版權(quán) copyright 專利patent 商標(biāo) trademark 互通有無 mutual exchange of needed products 法治 rule