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墻壁式旋臂起重機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計與分析
摘要：本次課題首先進(jìn)行墻壁式旋臂起重機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)形式選擇，然后將所選擇結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)化為力學(xué)模型進(jìn)行受力分析，并選擇工件材料，確定工件尺寸。根據(jù)計算結(jié)果，在SolidWorks對所選墻壁式旋臂起重機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行三維建模，并運用ANSYS對所建三維模型進(jìn)行靜態(tài)有限元分析，分析內(nèi)容包括起重機(jī)整體變形與其所受應(yīng)力。墻壁式旋臂起重機(jī)是一種安裝在墻壁上的起重設(shè)備，結(jié)構(gòu)獨特，安全可靠，具備高效、節(jié)能、省時省力、靈活等特點，在生產(chǎn)車間運用廣泛。
關(guān)鍵詞：墻壁式旋臂起重機(jī)；三維建模；結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計；有限元分析
Structure Design and Analysis of Wall Jib Crane
Abstract This paper chose the structure of the wall jib crane first,and then translated the selected structure into mechanical model for stress analysis, and selected the parts material and designed the dimension of the parts. After the design calculation, used SolidWorks to 3D model the selected wall jib crane, and used ANSYS static finite element to analyse the 3D model. The analysis include the overall deformation of crane and it’s stress. The crane structure is finally obtained.The wall jib crane is a lifting equipment installed on the wall. It has many features:unique stuctures, safe, reliable, high efficiency, energy saving, time saving, labor saving, flexible and so on.So it is widely used in the production workship.
Keywords: Wall jib crane；3D model；Structure design；Finite element analysis
II
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Abstract············································································Ⅱ
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1 緒論 1
1.1 本課題研究背景及意義 1
1.2墻壁式旋臂起重機(jī)簡介 2
1.3墻壁式旋臂起重機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)類型 2
1.4 本課題研究內(nèi)容 3
2 墻壁式旋臂起重機(jī)參數(shù)確定 5
2.1墻壁式旋臂起重機(jī)型號與參數(shù)確定 5
2.2 旋臂工字鋼型號選擇 6
2.3 確定拉桿的材料和尺寸 7
2.4 計算各螺栓連接 7
2.5 確定各裝配板的材料及尺寸 8
3 墻壁式旋臂起重機(jī)三維建模 12
3.1 墻壁式旋臂起重機(jī)建模方案 12
3.2 主梁建模 12
3.3 拉桿建模 14
3.4 裝配板建模 14
3.5 螺栓螺母調(diào)用 16
3.6 裝配體建模步驟 17
4 靜力分析 20
4.1 有限元分析概述 20
4.2 有限元結(jié)構(gòu)分析 20
5 總結(jié) 26
參考文獻(xiàn) 27
致謝 29
1 緒論
1.1 本課題研究背景及意義
墻壁式旋臂起重機(jī)是一種中小型的起吊運輸設(shè)備，其按結(jié)構(gòu)可分為：橋架式、輕小型起重設(shè)備、臂架式，其中墻壁式旋臂起重機(jī)就是屬于其中的臂架式起重機(jī)設(shè)備 。伴隨著我國整體經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)進(jìn)一步提高，大幅度增加的商品流通，快速發(fā)展的運輸交通業(yè)，起重機(jī)運輸機(jī)械的需求量也越發(fā)突顯出來，對其使用性能的要求也日益提高，在這些設(shè)備的生產(chǎn)過程中都必須要使用輕便快捷的起重設(shè)備。墻壁式旋臂起重機(jī)設(shè)備屬于通用機(jī)械，在高速發(fā)展的20多年中，漸漸的向著規(guī)模化，集團(tuán)化，機(jī)械化方向發(fā)展。在機(jī)械行業(yè)的輔助加工生產(chǎn)廣泛接受，能夠起到實現(xiàn)各加工工序連續(xù)性和自動化的作用，極大地提高了勞動生產(chǎn)率，減輕勞動強(qiáng)度。具有
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1．畢業(yè)設(shè)計課題的任務(wù)和要求：
設(shè)計任務(wù)為了解墻壁式旋臂起重機(jī)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計與分析的結(jié)構(gòu)，要求完成墻壁式旋臂起重機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計計算，并對關(guān)鍵件進(jìn)行三維建模，分析其關(guān)鍵零部件的力學(xué)性能。
2．畢業(yè)設(shè)計課題的具體工作內(nèi)容（包括原始數(shù)據(jù)、技術(shù)要求、工作要求等）：
1 掌握三維設(shè)計軟件及分析軟件的使用技術(shù)；
2根據(jù)相關(guān)參數(shù)，熟悉墻壁式旋臂起重機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)計算；
3根據(jù)相應(yīng)計算結(jié)果對墻壁式旋臂起重機(jī)進(jìn)行三維建模，繪出（或打印出）部分相關(guān)工程圖；
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Thus facings of rockfill and blast-formed dams of rock covered with poured asphalt are simple, are easily programmed with respect to properties and design, and are easily made by commercial equipment, which opens broad opportunities for their use. LITERATURE CITED i. S.N. Popchenko, Yu. N. Kasatkin, and G. V. Borisov, Asphaltic Concrete Facings of HYdraulic Structures in Russian, Energiya, Leningrad (1970). 2. I.V. Korolev, Ways to Save Bitumen in Road Construction in Russian, Transport, Moscow (1986). 3. Recommendations on the Design of Reversed Filters of Hydraulic Structures: II-92-80/ VNIIG in Russian, Leningrad (1984). 4. Yu. N. Kasatkin, Design of the composition of transition layers of asphalt concrete diaphragms in earth dams, Gidrotekh. Stroit., No. 6 (1981). 5. V.F. Van Asbek, Use of Bitumens in Hydrotechnical Construction in Russian, Energiya, Leningrad (1975). DESIGN OF CRANES FOR OPERATING GATES I. Kh. Kaplan As is known, when lifting a gate its wedging in the guideways of the groove is possible, as a result of which both overloading of the hoisting device and transmission of an increased pulling force from the hoisting device to the gate, trash rack, grab, etc., being raised oc- cur. During lowering of the gate its jamming in the guideways of the groove is possible. In this case, the hoisting device continues to operate and unwinds the cable from the drum, i.e. slackening and sagging of the cable occur. After this a sudden spontaneous movement (drop) of the gate occurs and a dynamic load (jerk) considerably exceeding the design load often Occurs. To limit overloading of the crane during lifting and to limit slackening of the cables during lowering of a gate, load relays are installed on cranes, which should provide during lifting an overload of not more than 25% of the rated load and during lowering should provide a maximum slackening of the cables equal to the tension in the cable from half of the mass of the suspension. At the same time, one and the same crane can operate different gates or racks. In this case, different pulling forces are required for raising each of the gates or racks. In the case of wedging of the gate or rack in the grooves, the rated pulling force of the crane plus 25% of the overload is transmitted to the restrained load (gate, rack, etc.). As a result of the large difference in the required pulling forces for operating different gates, the pulling force of the crane in the event of wedging of a restrained load can damage or destroy it. Often in such cases there are different hoisting mechanisms on the crane carriage for different restrained loads, which leads to an increase of the overall dimensions both of the crane carriage and of the crane itself. It is clear from the aforesaid that a crane and the restrained load which it operates are a single system and a device performing functions of protection both of the crane and of the restrained load under various necessary pulling forces is needed for such systems. In order not to install additional mechanisms of different capacity on the crane, it was nec- essary to create a special device which could change (or assign) the required nominal capacity of the crane and protect the crane and restrained load from overload and slackening of the cables for various capacities. Furthermore, there has long been the need to replace the un- reliably operating spring and eccentric type load limiters. The Moscow Special Design Department for Steel Hydraulic Structures (Mosgidrostal) de- veloped a device for controlling the hoisting mechanism I for a gantry crane of the water intake and outlets of the Kambarata No. 2 hydroelectric station. The device for controlling Translated from Gidrotekhnicheskoe Stroitelstvo, No. i0, pp. 37-38, October, 1989. 0018-8220/89/2310-0605512.50 ?9 1990 Plenum Publishing Corporation 605 ili II 8 Fig. i. Hydromechanical diagram of the device for controlling the hoisting mechanism: i) hydraulic cylinder; 2) frame of the crane carriage; 3) rod; 4) equalizing tackle block; 5) block and tackle; 6) load-lifting drum; 7) limit switch; 8) pressure relay; 9) choke with check valve; i0) distributor; Ii) supporting valve; 12) manom- eter; 13) safety valve; 14) filter; 15) check valve; 16) electric motor; 17) pump; 18) tank; 19) rule. the hoisting mechanism of the crane is located on the crane carriage, which makes it possible to change (in the given case, toward a decrease) of its capacity from i00 to 30 tons and to protect the crane and restrained load from overloading and slackening of the cables for each capacity, respectively. The developed design of the device for controlling the hoisting mechanism has as the main actuators of hydraulic cylinder, hydraulic apparatus, and electrical apparatus, which make it possible to easily determine the extent of overloading of the crane or the value of slckening of the cables, as well as to hack-up the control system (pressure relays and limit switches). Furthermore, it became possible to select (assign) the capacity of the crane, and it is accomplished by the crane operator directly from the operating cabin. The device (Fig. I) consists of: a hydraulic piston cylinder, on the rod of which is fastened an equalizing tackle block. The hydraulic cylinder is made in the body of a crossbeam installed in rolling contact bearings, which makes it possible to arrange the hydraulic cylinder at the required angle and thereby to eliminate the transmission to the rod of the horizontal forces occurring from tension of the cables at an angle to the equalizing block; an oil-pressure system for delivering the working fluid under pressure to the hydrau- lic cylinder in order to create the necessary force. The oil-pressure system consists of a welded tank, pumping plant with a gear pump submerged in oil, pipelines, panel with hydraulic apparatus, electric heaters heating the system at negative temperatures, thermal relay check- ing the temperature of the oil in the tank; housing with a jacket for heat-insulating and waterproofing the system. The device can be adjusted for a capacity of i00 and 30 tons (other capacities were not required). During raising or lowering of the restrained load (gate, racks), the crane operator sets the switch of the capacity to the position corresponding to a capacity of 30 or 100 tons. The oil-pressure system is turned on and the oil goes to the lower cavity of the hydraulic cylinder under pressure; the piston moves upward, moving the equalizing block with the rule. The rule closes the limit switch. The piston continues to move up to the stop in the cover, the pressure increases in the hydraulic system and operates the pressure relay The load hoisting mechanism is turned on. When an overload occurs on the crane suspension the piston tries to descend, in which case the pressure begins to increase in the lower cavity. As soon as the increase of pressure becomes equivalent to the prescribed overload of the mech- anism, the pressure relay operates and the hoisting mechanism and electric motor of the pump are turned off. During lowering of the restrained load the oil-pressure system is also turned on and the oil goes from the pump into the upper cavity of the hydraulic cylinder. The piston 606 with the equalizing block and rule descend. The rule closes the contacts of the limit switch. The direction of the oil flow changes. The oil begins to enter the lower cavity of the hydraulic cylinder. The pressure in the lower Cavity begins to increase, the pressure relay operates, and the hoisting mechanism is turned on for lowering the load. A rise of the piston does not occur, since the oil under a pressure equivalent to the force on the rod, equal to 0.5 of the mass of the suspension, drains through the supporting valve into the tank. When the load on the rod decreases (owing to the fact that slackening of the cable occurs), the piston begins to rise and the pressure in the system falls. Opening of the contacts of the pressure relay and then of the limit switch occurs. The crane hoisting mechanism and electric motor of the pump are switched off. Heating of the oil in the tank is provided for in the device. At an air temperature below 5 heating of the device is turned on. The electric heaters begin to heat the oil and upon reaching an air temperature of 5 under the housing, heating is turned off. The temperature regime of the oil in the tank is regulated by a thermal relay. To check the performance of the device, Mosgidrostal developed and manufactured a device for controlling the hoisting mechanism. The device is made on the basis of hydraulic and electrical apparatus being produced by industry and in design is anal- ogous to the prototype. Tests confirmed the performance of the device and the results were published for adjusting and regulating the device after its insulation on the crane for the Kambarata No. 2 hydrostation. The technical and economic indices of the device are: the possibility of changing (assigning) the capacity of the hoisting mechanism makes it possible to reduce the number of hoisting mechanisms on the crane, which in turn made it possible to reduce the size and weight of the crane carriage and crane itself; the accuracy of limiting overloading of the crane increases, i.e., overloading of the crane decreases due to using electrical and hydraulic apparatus instead of mechanical compo- nents used in the spring or eccentric type load limiters; operating safety on the crane increases, since the control apparatus is backed up in the device; the possibility of changing the capacity makes it possible to protect the tzash racks, gates, grabs, etc., from damage as a result of wedging. Thus the operating reliabil- ity of the mechanical equipment increases and the probability of failures decreases; if necessary, the device can be made as an independent drive of increased capacity with a small stroke for lifting the gate from the sill and with a reduced load lifting or lowering speed. LITERATURE CITED i. I. Kh. Kaplan, Device for controlling the hoisting mechanism of cranes, Inventors Certificate No. 1428681 in Russian. 607
門式起重機(jī)設(shè)計
I. Kh. Kaplan
眾所周知，當(dāng)升降閘門的楔形槽的導(dǎo)軌是活動的，由于這兩超載吊裝設(shè)備和傳輸牽引力的增加，起重設(shè)備閘門、攔物柵、抓斗等。
在門槽的導(dǎo)軌干擾降低是可能的。在這種情況下，吊裝設(shè)備繼續(xù)運行，然后從吊索，即松弛下垂的電纜發(fā)生突然的自發(fā)運動后（下降）的門時，動態(tài)負(fù)載（工件）大大超過設(shè)計負(fù)荷的情況也是時有發(fā)生的。
限制超載的起重機(jī)在吊裝和限制放松電纜在柵降低，負(fù)載繼電器安裝在起重機(jī)在起吊過程中，應(yīng)提供不超過25%的額定負(fù)載的過載和下降時應(yīng)提供最大松弛的電纜相當(dāng)于吊索的張力。
同時，同一個起重機(jī)操作不同的門架。在這種情況下，不同的牽引力提高門架要求。在楔形門或架在槽內(nèi)的情況下，額定拉力的起重機(jī)加上超載25%發(fā)送到約束載荷（門架，等）。由于所需拉力操作不同的門的差異較大，在楔形約束加載工作的起重機(jī)的拉力可以導(dǎo)致其受到破壞。
在這種情況下，在不同的約束荷載作用下，起重機(jī)的起升機(jī)構(gòu)有不同的起升機(jī)構(gòu)，從而導(dǎo)致起重機(jī)車架和起重機(jī)的整體尺寸增大。
從上述兩種裝置中，可以清楚地表明，它所操作的起重機(jī)和受約束的負(fù)載是一個單一的系統(tǒng)和一個裝置，該裝置執(zhí)行功能的保護(hù)，這兩個起重機(jī)和約束的負(fù)載下的各種必要的拉力是必要的，這樣的系統(tǒng)。為了不在起重機(jī)上安裝不同容量的額外的機(jī)制，有必要創(chuàng)建一個特殊的裝置，可以改變（或轉(zhuǎn)移）所需的標(biāo)稱容量的起重機(jī)和起重機(jī)過載保護(hù)和約束載荷，減少電纜的各種能力。此外，長期以來一直有需要更換不可靠操作彈簧和偏心型載荷限制器。
莫斯科式特別設(shè)計部鋼液壓結(jié)構(gòu)（mosgidrostal”）開發(fā)一種用于對kambarata 2號水電站進(jìn)水口和出口門式起重機(jī)起升機(jī)構(gòu)控制的[I]。用于控制起重機(jī)起升機(jī)構(gòu)裝置位于起重機(jī)運輸，這使得它有可能改變（在給定的情況下，對減少其容量從30~100噸和保護(hù)起重機(jī)和約束載荷過載和放緩的電纜每能力。
開發(fā)設(shè)計的控制裝置起升機(jī)構(gòu)液壓缸的主要執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)，液壓裝置，電氣裝置，這使得它可以容易地確定該起重機(jī)或slckening電纜的價值超載程度，以及黑客的控制系統(tǒng)（壓力繼電器和限開關(guān)）。此外，它成為可能選擇（分配）的能力的起重機(jī)，它是由起重機(jī)操作員直接從操作艙。裝置（圖1）：
圖一、水力機(jī)械圖的控制裝置起升機(jī)構(gòu)：I）液壓缸；2）起重機(jī)的車架；3）桿；4）平衡滑車；5）滑輪；6）起吊滾筒；7）限位開關(guān)；8）壓力繼電器；9）節(jié)流止回閥；I0）配電盤；11）配套閥門；12）壓力計；13）安全閥；14）濾波器；15）止回閥；16）電動機(jī)；17）泵；18）油箱；19）尺
液壓活塞缸，上桿系平衡滑車。液壓缸在橫梁安裝在滾動接觸軸承體，這使得它可以安排液壓油缸所需的角度，從而消除傳遞的水平力而產(chǎn)生的電纜張力在一個角度的平衡塊的桿；
提供工作流體壓力的液壓缸下為了創(chuàng)造必要的力油壓系統(tǒng)。油壓系統(tǒng)由一個焊接罐、一個齒輪泵抽油機(jī)、管道、面板、液壓裝置、加熱系統(tǒng)、負(fù)溫度、熱繼電器、檢查油箱內(nèi)的油溫度組成；
有保溫和防水系統(tǒng)外罩。
活塞試著下降，在這種情況下壓力開始增加在較低的空腔。隨著壓力的增加變得相當(dāng)于規(guī)定的過載的機(jī)制，壓力繼電器動作，起升機(jī)構(gòu)和電機(jī)泵的關(guān)閉。在約束載荷的降低時，油壓力系統(tǒng)也被打開，油從泵進(jìn)入液壓缸的上腔。活塞與平衡塊和規(guī)則下。規(guī)則閉合限位開關(guān)觸點。油流變化方向。油開始進(jìn)入液壓缸的下腔。在較低的腔壓力開始增加，壓力繼電器工作，和起升機(jī)構(gòu)被打開，以降低負(fù)載。活塞的上升不會發(fā)生，因為油在壓力下相當(dāng)于桿上的力，等于0.5的懸浮液，通過支護(hù)閥進(jìn)入罐中。當(dāng)桿上的負(fù)載減少（由于減少電纜發(fā)生），活塞開始上升，系統(tǒng)中的壓力降。開觸點的壓力繼電器，然后發(fā)生限位開關(guān)。該泵的起重機(jī)構(gòu)和電動機(jī)被切斷。裝置中的油的加熱裝置。在低于5的空氣溫度下，設(shè)備的加熱被打開。電熱水器開始加熱油，并在外殼下到達(dá)5的空氣溫度下，加熱被關(guān)閉。罐中的油的溫度制度是由一個熱繼電器調(diào)節(jié)。檢查設(shè)備的性能，mosgidrostal的開發(fā)和制造的控制起升機(jī)構(gòu)的裝置。該裝置是基于液壓和電氣設(shè)備產(chǎn)生的工業(yè)設(shè)計是類似的原型。試驗證實該裝置和業(yè)績公布調(diào)整和規(guī)范設(shè)備的kambarata 2號水電站起重機(jī)絕緣后。
設(shè)備的技術(shù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo)
改造（指派）的可能性，使起升機(jī)構(gòu)的能力，使得有可能減少起重機(jī)的起升機(jī)構(gòu)的數(shù)量，這反過來又使有可能減少起重機(jī)運輸和起重機(jī)本身的尺寸和重量；
限制超載起重機(jī)的增加，即準(zhǔn)確性、起重機(jī)的超載降低由于使用代替機(jī)械部件采用彈簧或偏心型載荷限制器的電氣和液壓裝置；
在起重機(jī)的增加操作的安全性、自控制裝置中備份設(shè)備；改變能力的可能性，使得它可以保護(hù)支架，箱蓋，抓斗，等，因此，機(jī)械設(shè)備增加了操作可靠性和失效的概率降低；
如果有必要，該設(shè)備可以作為一個獨立的驅(qū)動器的能力增加一個小動力，以起升并與減少負(fù)載提升或降低速度。
參 考 文 獻(xiàn)
1. I. Kh. Kaplan, "Device for controlling the hoisting mechanism of cranes," Inventor's Certificate No. 1428681 [in Russian].
2. S . N . Popchenko, Yu. N. Kasatkin, and G. V. Borisov, Asphaltic Concrete Facings of HYdraulic Structures [in Russian], Energiya, Leningrad (1970).
3. Recommendations on the Design of Reversed Filters of Hydraulic Structures: II-92-80/ VNIIG [in Russian], Leningrad (1984).
4. Yu. N. Kasatkin, "Design of the composition of transition layers of asphalt concrete diaphragms in earth dams," Gidrotekh. Stroit., No. 6 (1981).
5. V . F . Van Asbek, Use of Bitumens in Hydrotechnical Construction [in Russian], Energiya, Leningrad (1975).
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