高考英語總復(fù)習(xí) 語法專項(xiàng) 專題1 名詞與主謂一致課件 新人教版.ppt

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一,二,三,四,一、名詞的數(shù):明確可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞的區(qū)分,明確名詞和動(dòng)詞的關(guān)系,明確根據(jù)句意和搭配選擇使用名詞的正確形式。1.常見的不可數(shù)名詞有advice,news,progress,money,furniture,fun,weather,luck,homework,housework,information,bread,medicine,clothing,wealth,soap,rice等。這些詞在英文里一般都用作不可數(shù)名詞,在使用中不可亂套漢語而使用復(fù)數(shù)或加不定冠詞。Whatfineweather!WehavegotalotofinformationontheInternet.2.有些名詞通常只用作復(fù)數(shù)。如:glasses眼鏡,clothes衣服,goods貨物,trousers褲子,belongings所有物,wages工資,riches財(cái)富,surroundings環(huán)境,ashes灰塵,compasses圓規(guī),cattle家畜,congratulations祝賀,havewordswithsb.同某人吵架,inhighspirits以很高的熱情,giveone’sregardstosb.向某人問候,inrags衣衫襤褸,Itisgoodmannerstodosth.做某事有禮貌。,一,二,三,四,3.有些名詞既可以作可數(shù)名詞,也可以作不可數(shù)名詞,但意義不同。work當(dāng)表示“工作”時(shí)為不可數(shù)名詞,但當(dāng)表示“作品,著作”時(shí)則為可數(shù)名詞。room“空間”(不可數(shù)),“房間”(可數(shù));experience“經(jīng)驗(yàn)”(不可數(shù)),“經(jīng)歷”(可數(shù));paper“紙”(不可數(shù)),“論文、文件、試卷”(可數(shù))。WorkingwithTomwhohasalotofworkexperienceisapleasantexperience.4.名詞的修飾語只能修飾可數(shù)名詞的有:each,either,neither,another,these,those,both,(a)few,several,many,agreat/goodmany,alargenumberof,scoresof,dozensof等。只能修飾不可數(shù)名詞的有:(a)little,much,abitof,agreatdealof,alargeamountof等。既可修飾可數(shù)名詞又可修飾不可數(shù)名詞的有:some,any,half,most,all,alotof,lotsof,plentyof,alargequantityof,quantitiesof等。,一,二,三,四,二、名詞的所有格1.“‘s”所有格:(1)用于表示時(shí)間、距離、價(jià)格、重量等的名詞后。如:today’snewspaper,fiveminutes’walk/drive,fivepounds’weight。(2)用于表示國家、世界、城市等地方的名詞后。如:theworld’spopulation,China’sindustry,NewYork’sparks。(3)表示各自的所有關(guān)系時(shí),各名詞末尾均須加“‘s”,如:Jane’sandMary’sbikes。(4)表示共有的所有關(guān)系時(shí),在最后一詞末尾加“‘s”,如:JaneandMary’sfather。(5)表示“某人家”“某店鋪”,所有格后名詞常省略,如:thedoctor’s;thebarber’s。,一,二,三,四,2.“of”所有格:(1)表示“部分”時(shí),一般在所修飾的名詞前有一個(gè)表示數(shù)量的詞(a,two,several,some,no,many等)。SomestudentsofMrZhang’shavegonetocollege.(2)表示“其中之一,其中一部分”的意思時(shí),如:afriendofTom’s湯姆的一個(gè)朋友(許多朋友中的一位)。,一,二,三,四,三、名詞作定語:注意名詞作定語和名詞所有格的意義區(qū)分。名詞作定語常用來表示以下意義:1.表示中心詞的用途、功能、材料stonefigures石像,shoeshops鞋店,coffeecups咖啡杯2.表示中心詞的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、稱呼summerholidays暑假,schooleducation學(xué)校教育,aneveningdress晚禮服注意:表具體的時(shí)間名詞作定語,則要用所有格結(jié)構(gòu)來表達(dá)。yesterday’snews昨天的消息anhour’sdrive開車一小時(shí)的路程3.表示中心詞的類別、對象、身份abikekey自行車的鑰匙,ananimaltrainer馴獸師,awomandriver女駕駛員,一,二,三,四,4.表示中心詞的內(nèi)容computerstudies電腦學(xué)習(xí),weatherreport天氣預(yù)報(bào),filmindustry電影工業(yè)5.表示部分與整體的關(guān)系riverbanks河岸,animalbones動(dòng)物骨頭,cigaretteends煙頭注意:①名詞作定語時(shí),一般用其單數(shù)形式,且不隨后面的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)產(chǎn)生變化。twopencil-boxes,girlfriends,aseven-year-oldboy但是,少數(shù)的名詞作定語卻用復(fù)數(shù)形式,如:sportsshoes運(yùn)動(dòng)鞋clothesshops服裝店asalesgirl女銷售員agreetingscard賀卡②man和woman作定語要注意其單復(fù)數(shù)形式的變化。amandoctor—mendoctors;awomanengineer—womenengineers,一,二,三,四,6.名詞作定語和所有格作定語的區(qū)別:所有格表示所屬關(guān)系。thegirlfriend女朋友thegirl’sfriend那位女孩的朋友thewomandriver女司機(jī)thewoman’sdriver那位婦女的司機(jī),一,二,三,四,四、主謂一致名詞在句子中的一項(xiàng)重要功能是作主語,而主語和謂語一定要協(xié)調(diào)一致。該內(nèi)容的考查主要集中在語法一致、意義一致以及就近(遠(yuǎn))一致原則等三個(gè)方面。重難點(diǎn)如下:(一)語法一致原則只要確定句子的主語是單數(shù)意義,則謂語用單數(shù),如句子的主語是復(fù)數(shù)意義,則謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。1.不可數(shù)名詞作主語,一律視為單數(shù)。Nonewsisgoodnews.2.“one,either,neither,eachof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞或代詞”作主語時(shí),謂語通常用單數(shù)形式。Eitherofthestoriesisveryfunny.,一,二,三,四,3.表示時(shí)間、金錢、距離、重量、數(shù)量的復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語,通常看作一個(gè)整體,謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。Tenpoundswasmissingfromthebox.4.aseriesof,akindof,apieceof,apairof等量詞修飾名詞,通常以量詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式來決定謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)。Thispairofglassesisveryexpensive.Twoseriesofnewstampshavebeenordered.,一,二,三,四,5.“anumberof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”意思是“許多……”,表示復(fù)數(shù)意義;“thenumberof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”意思是“……的數(shù)目”,表示單數(shù)概念?！皌hepopulationof...”意思是“……的人口數(shù)量”,作主語時(shí),謂語用單數(shù)形式,但如果是分?jǐn)?shù)、百分?jǐn)?shù)(halfof/therestofthepopulation)作主語時(shí),具體指其中的多少人,表達(dá)復(fù)數(shù)意義,謂語則常用復(fù)數(shù)形式?！皌heaverageof...”意思是“……的平均數(shù)量”,作主語時(shí),謂語用單數(shù)形式。Thenumberofthestudentsinourschoolisquitelargeandanumberofteachersworkhard.ThepopulationofChinaislargeandmostofthepopulationarefarmers.6.主語后有with,togetherwith,alongwith,except,besides,aswellas等修飾時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要和這些詞匯前面的名詞的數(shù)保持一致。(因?yàn)閣ith等詞為介詞,其后跟的名詞只能是介詞賓語,不可能充當(dāng)主語。)Mr.GreentogetherwithhischildrengoestotheparkeverySunday.ThegirlsaswellastheboyhavelearnedtospeakJapanese.,一,二,三,四,7.“the+adj.”結(jié)構(gòu)指一類人時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù);如果指個(gè)別人或表示抽象的概念,謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。Thedisabledarewelltakencareofinthiscountry.Thedeadinthisaccidentwas20,agirlfromNanjingUniversity.Thenewiscertaintoreplacetheold.8.分?jǐn)?shù)、百分?jǐn)?shù)或all,some,therest,halfof,mostof,partof等作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)根據(jù)其指代的含義來確定。Therestoftheworkersarestillverytired.,一,二,三,四,9.當(dāng)and連接兩個(gè)并列主語在意義上指同一人、同一物、同一事或者同一概念時(shí),應(yīng)看作單數(shù),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。另外,當(dāng)and連接兩個(gè)形容詞去修飾一個(gè)單數(shù)形式的主語時(shí),其實(shí)是指兩種不同的事物,主語則應(yīng)該看作是復(fù)數(shù),那么謂語動(dòng)詞也應(yīng)該用復(fù)數(shù)。Warandpeaceisaconstantthemeinhistory.ChineseandJapanesesilkareofgoodquality.英語中并列結(jié)構(gòu)表示整體概念的有:ironandsteel鋼鐵lawandorder治安breadandbutter黃油面包awatchandchain一塊帶鏈的表aknifeandfork一副刀叉acoatandtie一件配有領(lǐng)帶的上衣aimandend目的truthandhonesty真誠,一,二,三,四,10.“quantitiesof+名詞”作主語時(shí),不論名詞是復(fù)數(shù)還是不可數(shù),謂語一律用復(fù)數(shù)形式?！癮quantityof+可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)”作主語時(shí),謂語用復(fù)數(shù)?！癮quantityof+不可數(shù)名詞”作主語時(shí),謂語用單數(shù)?！癮mountsof+不可數(shù)名詞”作主語時(shí),謂語用復(fù)數(shù)?！癮namountof+不可數(shù)名詞”作主語時(shí),謂語用單數(shù)。Everydayquantitiesofwaterarewasted.Alargeamountofdamagehasbeendonebecauseofthefloods.,一,二,三,四,(二)意義一致原則1.“every/each/no+名詞+andevery/each/no+名詞”作主語時(shí),謂語用單數(shù)。Everyboyandeverygirlishavingsportsnow.2.“one+單數(shù)名詞+andahalf”作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。Oneappleandahalfwasonthetable.3.“morethanone+單數(shù)名詞”作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。Morethanonestudenthasfailedtheexam.4.“manya+單數(shù)名詞”作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。Manyachildwasplayingthere.,一,二,三,四,(三)就近(遠(yuǎn))一致原則1.謂語動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)常常與最近的作主語的詞語保持一致。常出現(xiàn)在這類句子中的連詞有:or,not...but...;either...or...,neither...nor...,notonly...butalso...等。EitherIortheyareresponsiblefortheresultofthematter.Neithertheunkindwordsnortheunfriendlyattitudehascausedmeanydistress.2.當(dāng)therebe句型的主語是一系列事物時(shí),謂語應(yīng)與最鄰近的主語保持一致。Thereisapen,aknifeandseveralbooksonthedesk.Therearetwentyboystudentsandtwentythreegirlstudentsintheclass.3.在定語從句中,關(guān)系代詞如果在從句中作主語,應(yīng)依據(jù)先行詞決定從句謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式;在“oneof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+who/that/which”引導(dǎo)的從句結(jié)構(gòu)中,從句中的動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式;但是其前有theonly或thevery修飾時(shí),則從句中的動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。MaryistheonlyoneofthestudentsinourschoolwhohaseverbeentoChina.,Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅰ.完成句子(高考真題變式訓(xùn)練)1.—Whynotbuyasecond-handcarfirstifyoudon’thaveenoughmoneyforanewone?—That’sagood(suggest).2.Wemostprefertosayyestothe(request)ofsomeoneweknowandlike.3.Allweneed(be)asmallpieceoflandwherewecanplantvariouskindsoffruittreesthroughoutthegrowingseasonsoftheyear.4.WheneverImademistakes,theteacherpointedthemoutwith(patient).5.Thefamousmusician,aswellashisstudents,(invite)toperformattheopeningceremonyofthe2012TaipeiFlowerExpo.,suggestion,requests,is,patience,wasinvited,Ⅰ,Ⅱ,6.Theuniversityestimatesthatlivingexpensesforinternationalstudents(be)around$8,450ayear,which(be)aburdenforsomeofthem.7.Generally,students’innermotivationwithhighexpectationsfromothers(be)essentialtotheirdevelopment.8.Myfirst(impress)ofhimwasthathewasakindandthoughtfulyoungman.9.Thebasketballcoach,aswellashisteam,(be)interviewedshortlyafterthematchfortheiroutstandingperformance.,are,is,is,impression,was,Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò)1.Suddenly,amanridinghismotorcyclepassedusrapidly,missingLiDongbyseveralinch.2.Ihopeallmydreamwillcometrueinthenearfuture.3.Ifyouvisitamuseum,don’ttakephotosinsidethehalls.YouwillfindNOPHOTOSsignsinmanymuseum.4.Nowwomanareworkingasteachers,scientists,andevenleaders.5.WhenteagotpopularinBritain,therewasacryingneedforgoodcupwithhandlestosuitBritishhabits.,答案:inch→inches,答案:dream→dreams,答案:第二個(gè)museum→museums,答案:woman→women,答案:cup→cups,Ⅰ,Ⅱ,6.Thatlittledaughterofyourcousinisreallylovely.7.Hedroppedthecoffee’scupandbrokeit.8.Iwalkedtoomuchyesterdayandmyleg’smusclesarestillachingnow.9.Jimwaslatefortwoclassesthismorning.Hesaidthatheforgotbothoftherooms’numbers.10.TodayisSeptember10th.It’sTeacher’sDay.Let’sgoandbuysomeflowersforourteachers.,答案:cousin→cousin’s,答案:coffee’s→coffee,答案:leg’s→leg,答案:rooms’→room,答案:Teacher’s→Teachers’,