1308-機床夾具柔性化技術(shù)研究及設計

1308-機床夾具柔性化技術(shù)研究及設計,機床,夾具,柔性,技術(shù)研究,設計 第 2 章 夾具的類型與功能學習目標學習完該章后，學生應具備下述能力：?分清夾具的種類?分清夾具的類型?根據(jù)典型零件的特定工序，選擇夾具的種類和類型JIGS 與 FIXTURES夾具是批量生產(chǎn)零件時使用的工件夾持裝置。通過夾具，刀具或其它工具與工件的正確相對位置得以確定。要做到這一點，夾具需要對每一個被加工工件進行夾持、支承及定位，以使其被加工后都能達到規(guī)定的精度。Jigs 與 fixtures 的關(guān)系是如此密切，以至于從術(shù)語上經(jīng)常造成混淆及交替使用。這二者之間的區(qū)別，在于刀具導向的方式。Jig 是夾持、支承或固定于被加工工件上的專用裝置。它是一種生產(chǎn)工藝裝備。它不僅對工件進行定位和夾緊，而且在加工過程中對刀具進行導向。Jig 一般都配有淬硬鋼制作的導向套，來對鉆頭或其它刀具進行導向。見圖 2-1A。一般說來，小的鉆模不固定在鉆床的工作臺上。然而，當被加工孔的尺寸大于.25 英寸時，則必須將其可靠地固定在機床工作臺上。Fixture 是一種對被加工工件進行可靠的定位、夾持和支承的生產(chǎn)工藝裝備，其作用是使所需加工工序得以正常進行。對刀塊、塞尺、厚薄規(guī)在該類夾具上被用來確定刀具與工件的正確相對位置。見圖 2-1B。Fixture 必須很牢靠地固定于機床工作臺上。Fixture 主要應用于銑床。為了完成各種不同的工序加工，其它大多數(shù)通用機床上也使用 Fixture。Fixture 可以是一個極為簡單的工具，也可能是一種非常昂貴、復雜的裝置。在專用機床上，也利用 Fixture 來簡化金屬加工工序。JIGS 的類型Jigs 可大體上分為二大類：鏜模和鉆模。當孔的直徑太大不能鉆削，或加工不能用標準鉆頭加工的特殊尺寸孔時，需要采用鏜模。見圖 2-2。鉆模用來鉆孔、鉸孔、功絲、锪倒角、锪沉孔、锪錐孔、反向锪錐孔及反向锪臺階孔。見圖 2-3。鏜模和鉆模的基本形式幾乎是相同的，其區(qū)別僅在于所采用的導向套尺寸有所不同而已。鉆?？煞譃閮煞N類型：開式與閉式。開式鉆模用于僅從工件的一個方向進行加工的簡UNIT 2 Types and Functionsof Jigs and FixturesOBJECTIVESAfter completing this unit, the student should be able to:? Identify the classes of jigs and fixtures.? Identify the types of s jigs and fixtures.? Choose a class and type of jigs and fixture for selected operations on sample parts.JIGS AND FIXTURESJigs and fixtures are production-workholding devices used to manufacture duplicate parts accurately. The correct relationship and alignment between the cutter, or other tool, and the workpiece must be maintained. To do this, a jig or fixture is designed and built to hold, support, and locate every part to insure that each is drilled or machined within the specified limits.Jigs and fixtures are so closely related that the terms are sometimes confused or used interchangeably. The difference is in the way the tool is guided to the workpiece.A jig is a special device that holds, supports, or is placed on a part to be machined. It is a production tool made so that it not only locates and holds the workpiece but also guides the cutting tool as the operation is performed. Jigs are usually fitted with hardened steel bushings for guiding drills or other cutting tools, Figure 2-1A.As a rule, small jigs are not fastened to the drill press table. If, however, holes above .25 inch in diameter are to be drilled, it is usually necessary to fasten the jig to the table securely.A fixture is a production tool that locates, holds, and supports the work securely so the required machining operations can be performed. Set blocks and feeler or thickness gauges are used with fixture to reference the cutter to the workpiece, Figure 2-1B. A fixture should be securely fastened to the table of the machine upon which the work is done. Though largely used on milling machines, fixture are also designed to hold work for various operations on most of the standard machine tools.Fixtures vary in design from relatively simple tools to expensive, complicated devices. Fixtures also help to simplify metalworking operations performed on special equipment.TYPES OF JIGSJigs may be divided into two general classes: boring and drill jigs. Boring jigs are used to bore holes that either are too large to drill or must be made an odd size, Figure 2-2. Drill jigs are used to drill, ream, tap, chamfer, counterbore, countersink, reverse spotface, or reverse countersink, Figure 2-3. The basic jig is almost the same for either machining operation. The only difference is in the size of the bushing used.Drill jigs may be divided into two general types., open and closed. Open jigs are for simple operations where work is done on only one side of the part. Closed, or box, jigs are2-1Figure 2-1 Referencing the tool to the work圖 2-1 夾具、刀具與工件相對位置的確定REFERENCE EDGES FOR FEELER GAUGE安放塞尺的基準面SET BLOCK 對刀塊DRILLBUSHING鉆套單工序。閉式鉆模，或稱箱式鉆模，則用于至少要從多于一個方向進行加工的工件。人們經(jīng)?？梢酝ㄟ^鉆模的名稱，來判斷其制造方式。蓋板式鉆模通常用來保證工件的精度，而不是提高其加工效率。這種鉆模安裝在工件上，一般也不進行夾緊。見圖 2-4。蓋板式鉆模是目前使用的最為經(jīng)濟和簡單的鉆模。它們可能帶有鉆套，也可能沒有鉆套。不用鉆套時，鉆模板一般要整體淬硬。板式鉆模與蓋板式鉆模類似，見圖 2-5。其區(qū)別在于板式鉆模具有工件夾緊裝置。板式鉆模也可帶或不帶鉆套，這取決于所加工零件的數(shù)量。為了加工大的工件，有時會給板式鉆模安上支承柱，以使鉆模板離開鉆床工作臺一定高度。這種類型的鉆模被稱為桌式鉆模。used for part that must be machined on more than one side. The name used to identify these jigs refer to the way the tool is built.Template jigs are normally used for accuracy rather than speed. This type of jig fits over, on，or into the work and is not usually clamped, Figure 2-4. Templates are the least expensive and simplest type of jig to use. They may or may not have bushings. When bushings are not used, the whole jig plate is normally hardened.Plate jigs are similar to the templates, Figure 2-5. The only difference is that plate jigs have built-in clamps to hold the work. These jigs can also be made with or without bushings, depending on the number of parts to be made. Plate jigs are sometimes made with legs to raise the jig off the table for large work. This style is called a table jig, Figure 2-6.BUSHINGS鏜套BORING BAR鏜桿TOOL BODY夾具體MACHINE SPINDLE機床主軸WORKPIECE 工件Figure 2-2 Boring jig 圖 2-2 鏜模2-2 DRILL REAM TAP CHAMFER COUNTERBORE COUNTERSINK鉆孔 鉸孔 攻絲 锪倒角 锪臺階孔 锪錐孔REVERSE REVERSECOUNTERSINK COUNTERBORE反锪錐孔 反锪臺階孔 Figure 2-3 Operations common to a drill jig(在鉆模上進行的一般加工工序)Figure 2-4 Template jigs(蓋板式鉆模 )夾層式鉆模是板式鉆模的一種，其特點是在工件被加工面的背面另有一塊支承板。見圖 2-7。這種鉆模對裝夾軟材質(zhì)或容易變形翹曲的工件，較其它類型的鉆模要理想的多。需要再次提及的是，是否采用鉆套仍決定于工件的數(shù)量。角鐵式鉆模用來裝夾被加工孔的軸線與Sandwich jigs are a form of plate jig with a back plate, Figure 2-7. This type of jig is ideal for thin or soft parts that could bend or warp in another style of jig. Here again, the use of bushing is determined by the number of parts to be made.Angle-plate jigs are used to hold parts that are machined at right angles to their mounting locators, Figure 2-8. Pulleys, collars, and gears are some of the parts that use this type of2-3Figure 2-10 Box or tumble jig（箱式或翻轉(zhuǎn)式鉆模）Figure 2-8 Angle-plate jig(角鐵式鉆模) 圖 2-9 Modified angle-plate jig(變形角鐵式鉆模)Figure 2-7 Angle-plate jig(夾層板式鉆模) BACK PLATE背面板LOCATING PINS定位銷Figure 2-6 Table jig(桌式鉆模) Figure 2-5 Plate jig(板式鉆模) QUICK-ACTINGKNOB快速旋鈕 REMOVABLEBUSHING活動鉆套2-4QUARTER-TURN SCREW1/4 轉(zhuǎn)螺釘SOLID LOCATOR LEAF固定支承 鉸鏈鉆模板THUMBSCREW蝶式螺母DRILL BUSHING 鉆套THUMB SCREW 蝶式螺母BOX JIG （TOP REMOVED）箱式鉆模（去掉頂部）JIG TEET鉆模支腳 BOX JIG （TOP REMOVED）箱式鉆模（去掉側(cè)面）DRILL BUSHING 鉆套THUMBSCREW蝶式螺母 jig. A variation is the modified angle-plate jig, which is used for machining angles other than 90 degrees, Figure 2-9.Box jigs, or tumble jigs, usually totally surround the part, Figure 2-10. This style of jig allows the part to be completely machined on every surface without the need to reposition the work in the jig.Channel jigs are the simplest form of box jig, Figure 2-11. The work is held between two side and machined from the third. In some cases, where jig feet are used, the work can be machined on three sides.Leaf jigs are small box jigs with a hinged leaf to allow for easier loading and unloading, Figure 2-12. The main differences between leaf and box jigs are size and part location. Leaf jigs are normally smaller than box jigs and are sometimes made so that they do not completely surround the part. They are usually equipped with a handle for easier movement.Indexing jigs are used to accurately space holes or other machined areas around a part. To do this, the jig uses either the part itself or a reference plate and a plunger, Figure 2-13. Larger indexing jigs are called rotary jigs.Trunnion jigs are a form of rotary jig for very large or odd-shaped parts, Figure 2-14. The part is first put into a box-type carrier and then loaded on the trunnion. This jig is well suited for large, heavy parts that must be machined with several separate plate-type jigs.Pump jigs are commercially made jigs that must be adapted by the user., Figure 2-15. The lever-activated plate makes this tool very fast to load and unload. Since the tool is already made and only needs to be modified, a great deal of time is saved by using this jig.Multistation jigs are made in any of the forms already discussed, Figure 2-16. The main feature of this jig is the way it locates the work. While one part is drilled, another can be reamed and a third counterbored. The final station is used for unloding the finished parts and loading fresh parts. This jig is commonly used on multiple-spindle machines. It could also work on single –spindle models.There are several other jigs that are combinations of the types described. These complex jigs are often so specialized that they cannot be classified. Regardless of the jig selected, it must suit the part, perform the operation accurately, and be simple and safe to operate.定位元件軸線成正交的工件，見圖 2-8。使用該類鉆模時，要用到滑輪、collars 與gears。這種鉆模的變形鉆模可用來加工非正交孔，如圖 2-9。箱式鉆模，亦稱翻轉(zhuǎn)鉆模，通常是在哥哥方向上將工件包圍起來，如圖 2-10。適用這種鉆模，可在一次定位夾緊的條件下，完成對工件所有表面的加工。槽式鉆模是最簡單的箱式鉆模，如圖 2-11。工件被夾緊在槽的二側(cè)面之間，從另外一個方向?qū)ぜM行加工。在某些情況下，可以給槽式鉆模安裝支腳，以便能從三個方向?qū)ぜM行加工。鉸鏈式鉆模是一種較小的箱式鉆模。它有一個鉸接式的鉆模板，以便于工件的裝卸，如圖 2-12。鉸鏈式鉆模與箱式鉆模的主要區(qū)別在于尺寸及工件的定位方式。鉸鏈式鉆模一般小于箱式鉆模，而且大都不將工件全方位包圍起來。為便于搬運，鉸鏈式鉆模通常具有一個手柄。分度鉆模用來加工零件圓周上的精密分度孔或其它表面。為了做到這一點，需要利用零件本身的基準面，或另外的基準板，以及一個定位栓，見圖 2-13。大型的分度鉆模被稱為回轉(zhuǎn)鉆模。軸耳式鉆模是一種用于裝夾特大型工件或特殊形狀工件的回轉(zhuǎn)鉆模，見圖 2-14。工件首先在一個箱式器具中被定位夾緊，然后以其裝到耳軸上。對于大型及重型工件，這一套鉆模的功能相當于好幾套分離式的鉆模?；姐@模是一種商品化的鉆模，如圖 2-15。杠桿驅(qū)動的鉆模板使得工件的裝卸極為快捷。由于這種鉆模是預制好的，僅需要進行改裝，所以能節(jié)省大量時間。多工位鉆?？梢灾瞥缮鲜鋈我汇@模型式，如圖 2-16。這種鉆模的特點在于其對工件進行定位的方式。當一個工件在進行鉆孔時，另一個可進行鉸孔，第三個則可進行擴孔。最后一個工位則用于裝卸工件。這種鉆模既可用于多軸鉆床，也可用于單軸鉆床。還有幾種鉆模，它們在結(jié)構(gòu)上是上述某幾種鉆模的復合。這些復合鉆模是極專門化的，以至于難以分類。無論選擇何種類型的鉆模，它必須適應工件特點，保證工序精度，且操作簡單，安全可靠。2-5Figure 2-11 Channel jig(槽式鉆模)Figure 2-11 Leaf jig(鉸鏈式鉆模 )DRILL BUSHING 鉆套LOCATORS 定位元件CAM LO CK 自鎖凸輪Figure 2-13 Indexing jig(分度式鉆模)DIRECTION OF ROTARY 旋轉(zhuǎn)方向SPRING PLUNGER彈簧式定位器KNURLED KNOB滾花螺母Figure 2-14 Trunnion jig(軸耳式鉆模)TRUNNION軸耳 INDEXING LOCK PIN分度鎖緊銷TRUNNION軸耳Figure 2-15 Pump jig(滑柱式鉆模)INDEXING LOCK PIN分度鎖緊銷INDEXING HOLES分度孔REAM鉸孔DRILL鉆孔C’BORE擴孔LOAD-UNLOAD工件裝卸Figure 2-16 Multistation jig(多工位鉆模)HAND KNOB 手動旋鈕2-6 FIXTURES 的類型各種不同類型的 fixtures 的名稱，主要取決于它是如何制造的。僅就定位元件與裝置來說，Jigs 與 fixtures 的區(qū)別很小。主要區(qū)別在于他們的結(jié)構(gòu)重量。用于同一個工件的fixtures 所需要的夾緊力，一般要比 jigs 為大，所以 fixtures 的結(jié)構(gòu)強度和重量要大于相應的 jigs。基礎板式夾具是最為簡單的夾具，如圖 2-17。這種基本夾具有一塊基礎平板，上面配置有各種定位及夾緊元件，以完成對工件進行定位及夾緊。簡約而且適應性強，使得這種夾具在絕大多數(shù)機械加工工序得到了廣泛應用。角板式夾具是基礎板式夾具的一個變種，如圖 2-18。在這種夾具上，通常是從工件的支承定位元件的正交方向來對工件進行加工。由于大多數(shù)角板式夾具是制造成 90?的，所以在某些需要非 90?夾具的場合，就需要采用如圖 2-19 所示的改良型角板式夾具。虎鉗爪改裝夾具用于加工小型零件，如圖 2-20。在這種夾具上，標準的虎鉗爪被適應工件形狀的專用虎鉗爪所代替?；Q爪改裝夾具是制造成本最低的夾具，其應用范圍僅受標準虎鉗尺寸規(guī)格的限制。分度夾具與分度鉆模極為相似，如圖 2-21。使用這種夾具所加工的工件，一定具有需要加工的間隔角度一定的等分表面。圖 2-22所示的零件是一些用分度夾具加工的典型例子。多工位夾具主要用于加工循環(huán)需要連續(xù)進行的高效率、大批量生產(chǎn)工藝中。只有兩個工位的雙工位夾具是最為簡單的多工位夾具，如圖 2-23。這種夾具允許裝卸工件與加工過程同時進行。例如，一旦加工工序在工位 1完成以后，轉(zhuǎn)動夾具 使工位 2 處于加工位置并進行加工，與此同時，在工位 1 上可卸下加工完畢的工件，并裝上新的工件。靠模夾具用來引導刀具對一般機床運動無能為力的內(nèi)部或外部成形輪廓進行加工。遇有刀具與夾具靠模始終接觸，所加工工件的輪廓幾乎不可能出差錯。圖 2-24 表示的是一個凸輪輪廓被精確加工的情形。由圖中可見，套于刀具上的軸承始終與夾具靠模相接觸。在這里軸承是一個必須要有的重要元件。FIXTURES 的分類夾具一般依照其所依附的機床種類而進行分類。同時也可根據(jù)工序類型再進行細分。例如，一個設計用在銑床的夾具稱為銑床夾具；但若該夾具是用于跨銑加工，則它又被稱為跨銑夾具。利用同一原理對車床夾具分類，TYPES OF FIXTURESThe name used to describe the various types of fixtures are determined mainly by how the tool is built. jigs and fixtures are made basically the same way as far as locators and positioners are concerned. The main construction difference is mass. Because of the increased tool forces, fixtures are built stronger and heavier than a jig would be for the same part.Plate fixture are the simplest form of fixtures, Figure 2-17. The basic fixture is made from a flat plate that has a variety of clamps and locators to hold and locate the part. The simplicity of this fixture makes it useful for most machining operations. Its adaptability makes it popular.The angle-plate fixture is a variation of the plate fixture, Figure 2-18. With this tool, the part is normally machined at a right angle to its locator. While most angle-plate fixture are made at 90 degrees, there are times when other angles are needed. In these cases, a modified angle–plate fixture can be used, Figure 2-19.Vise-jaw fixtures are used for machining small parts., Figure 2-20. With this type of tool, the standard vise jaws are replaced with jaws that are formed to fit the part. Vise-jaw fixture are the least expensive type of fixture to make. Their use is limited only by the size of the vises available.Indexing fixture are very similar to indexing jigs, Figure 2-21. These fixtures are used for machining parts that must have machined details evenly spaced. The parts shown in Figure 2-22, are examples of the uses of an indexing fixture.Multistation fixtures are used primarily for high-speed, high-volume production runs, where the machine cycle must be continuous. Duplex fixtures are the simplest form of multistation fixture, using only two stations, Figure 2-23. This form allows the loading and unloading operations to be performed while the machining operation is in progress.. For example, once the machining operation is complete at station1, the tool is revolved and the cycle repeated at station 2. At the same time, the part is unloaded at station 1 and a fresh part loaded.Profiling fixture are used to guide tools for machining contours that the machine cannot normally follow. These contours can be either internal or external. Since the fixture continuously contacts the tool, an incorrectly cut shape is almost impossible. The operation in Figure 2-24 shows how the cam is accurately cut by maintaining contact between the fixture and the bearing on the milling cutter. This bearing is an important part of the tool and must always be used.CLASSFICATION OF FIXTURESFixture are normally classified by the type of machine on which they are used. Fixtures can also be identified by a subclassification. For example, if a fixture is designed to be used on a milling machine, it is called milling fixture. If the task it is intended to perform is straddle milling, it is called a straddle-milling fixture.2-7 則設計用于徑向車削的夾具稱為徑向車削車床夾具。下面是使用夾具的部分生產(chǎn)工藝：裝配 熱處理 牛頭刨鏜削 珩磨 沖壓拉削 檢查 攻螺紋鉆削 研磨 試驗成形加工 銑削 車削測量 龍門刨 焊接磨削 鋸切The same principle applies to a lathe fixture that is designed to machine radii. It is called a lathe-radius fixture.The following is a partial list of production operations that use fixtures:Assembling Heat treating ShapingBoring Honing StampingBroaching Inspecting TappingDrilling Lapping TestingForming Milling TurningGauging Planing WeldingGrinding SawingLOCATOR PINS 定位銷Figure 2-17 Plate fixture(基礎板式夾具)SET BLOCK 對刀塊SUPPORTS 支承元件STRAPCLAMPS 壓板Figure 2-18 Angle-plate fixture(角板式夾具)STRAP 壓板KNURLED NUT滾花螺母SET BLOCK對刀塊LOCATOR PINS 定位銷SET BLOCK 對刀塊C WASHER C 形墊圈 HEX NUT 六角螺母Figure 2-19 Modified angle-plate fixture(改良型角板式夾具)2-8Figure 2-20 Vise-jaw fixture(虎鉗爪改裝夾具)JAWS FORMED TO FIT PART適應工件形狀的鉗爪 SET BLOCK 對刀塊VISE BODY 虎鉗本體2 CLAMPS 二只壓板INDEXING PLUNGER分度插銷INDEXING PLUNGER 分度插銷LOCK KNOB 鎖緊螺母BINDERKNOB接合螺釘PLUNGER分度插銷 24 HOLE CIRCLE24 只圓周分布孔SECTION A-A A- A 剖面Figure 2-21 Indexing fixture(分度夾具)HEXGON SQUARE GEAR SPLINE KEYWAYSFigure 2-22 Parts machined with an indexing fixture(用分度夾具加工的零件)六角形 正方形 齒輪 花鍵 鍵槽Figure 2-23 Duplex fixture(雙工位夾具)INDEXING PLUNGER換位插銷ROTATION 旋轉(zhuǎn)Figure 2-24ProfilingFixture分度夾具BALL BEARING球軸承END MILL 立銑刀PROFILING FIXTURE夾具靠模2-9 總結(jié)本節(jié)介紹了下述重要概念：? 夾具是用來對工件進行定位、支承和固定的生產(chǎn)工藝裝置。- A jig 利用導向套對刀具進行導向。- A fixture 利用對刀塊及塞尺、厚薄規(guī)、量具來確定刀具的相對位置。? Jigs 可大致上分為二大類：鉆模和鏜模。? Jigs 的類型由其結(jié)構(gòu)所決定，有開式和閉式兩種。- 蓋板式、板式、夾板式、角板式均屬于開式 jigs。- 箱、槽式、鉸鏈式屬于閉式 jigs。- 其它演繹型式的 jigs，如分度、旋轉(zhuǎn)、軸耳、滑柱與多工位式的，即可制造成開式的，也可制造成開式的 jig。? Fixtures 的類型取決于其結(jié)構(gòu)。最常用的類型是基礎板式、角板式、虎鉗爪改裝式、分度式及多工位式。? Fixtures 的分類一般取決于其所依附的機床，有時也根據(jù)其所應用的工序分類。一個用于跨銑加工工序的夾具可歸類為銑床夾具，也可歸類為跨銑夾具。復習1. Jig and a fixture 的區(qū)別何在？2. 一般怎樣區(qū)分 Jig 與 Fixture？3. 對刀塊的用途何在？4. 擴孔通常用開式還是閉式鉆模？5. 組合銑削夾具實際上是哪一大類的夾具？6. 分析下列零件圖紙及相應待完成工序，并為其選擇最好的夾具。A. 圖 2-25，銑.250× .250 英寸槽。(1)箱式夾具 (2)雙工位夾具(3) 虎鉗爪改裝夾具B: 圖 2-26，鉆 4-.500 英寸直徑孔。(1)板式鉆模 (2)角板式鉆模(3)槽式鉆模SUMMARYThe following important concepts were presented in this unit:? Jigs and fixtures are production workholding devices designed to hold, support, and locate a workpiece.- A jig guides the cutting tool with a drill bushing.- A fixture references the cutting tool with a set block and feeler, or thickness, gauges.? Jigs are divided into two general classes: drill jigs and boring jigs.? The type of jig is determined by the way it is built. The two types of jigs are open and closed.- Template, plate, table, sandwich, and angle-plate jigs are all open jigs.- Box, channel, and leaf jigs are all closed jigs.? Other variations, such as indexing, rotary, thunnion, pump, and multistation jigs, are made as either open or closed jigs.? Fixtures types are determined by the way they are build. The most common types are plate, angle-plate, vise-jaw, indexing, and multistation fixtures.? Fixture classes are determined by the machine tools on which they are used and sometimes by the operations performed. A fixture used for a straddle-milling operation is classed as a mill fixture, but it may also be classed as a straddle-milling fixture.REVIEW1.What is the difference between a jig and a fixture?2. How are jigs and fixtures normally identified?3. What are set block used for?4. What class of jig would normally be used to tap holes?5.A gang-milling fixture is actually what class of tool?6. Analyze the following part drawings and operations to be performed and select the best jig or fixture for each.A. Figure 2-25. Operation: mill a slot .250 inch by .250 inch.(1)Box fixture (2)Duplex fixture (3)Vise-jaw fixtureB: Figure 2-26. Operation: Drill four .500-inch-diameter holes.(1)Plate jig (2)Angle- plate jig (3)Channel jigC: Figure 2-27. Operation: Drill four holes(two .62-inch and two .25-inch).(1)Channel jig (2)Plate jig (3)Box jigD: Figure 2-28. Operation: Drill four holes,. .50 inch in diameter.(1) Box jig (2) Angle- plate jig (3)Template jigE. Figure 2-29. Operation: mill a shoulder .75 inch by .75 inch by .75 inch.(1) Plate fixture (2) Angle- plate fixture(3)Indexing fixture2-10C: 圖 2-27，鉆 2-.62 與 2-.25 英寸直徑孔。(1)槽式鉆模 (2)板式鉆模 (3)箱式鉆模D: 圖 2-28，鉆 4-. .50 英寸直徑孔。(1)箱式鉆模 (2)角板式鉆模 (3)基礎板式鉆模E：圖 2-29，銑 .75×.75×.75 英寸臺階。(1)基礎板式夾具 (2)角板式夾具 (3)分度夾具2-11