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譯文題目：Wireless Sensor Enabled Public Transportation System
無線傳感器在公共交通系統(tǒng)上的應(yīng)用
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20xx年 02 月 25 日
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外文原文
Wireless Sensor Enabled Public
Transportation System
Abstract
Automatic Vehicle Identification (AVI) in real time is becoming an urgent necessity due to rapid increase in the number of vehicles on roads. The Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Technology can be used for vehicle identification to gather information in real-time from roads by getting the vehicles location from RFID readers placed in the vehicle. This paper focuses on designing the Public Vehicle Location System (PVLS). The proposed structure consists of passive RFID tags placed at various locations on the chosen route, RFID reader on the Bus, wireless communication with a PC and commanding software (RFID reader and database structure), also PVLS applications and website. The designed system controls, manages and monitors the performance of RFID readers. It also filters and stores the information in an appropriate format so that it could be used without difficulty in the application system and website. The system implemented by using RFID is placed in the Bus which is programmed by Visual C# 2008 with Compact .Net Framework.
Keywords：RFID, Vehicle, Location, Tracking, Public Transpor
1. Introduction
The value of time is precious in today’s fast paced community and nobody can afford to waste long hours waiting for a public transport [1]. Due to this time crunch, it will be of convenience to the public if the precise arrival information, real time status, travel duration, etc., are available so that they can choose other alternatives. Presently, one cannot completely rely on the fixed bus timings provided by Bus Companies on their websites as factors such as traffic and in some cases, accidents, delay the arrival of buses. Management of bus schedules at the bus stations thus becomes very difficult and unpredictable. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop an efficient tracking system to satisfy the needs of the commuters. RFID evidently is not a new technology; rather its origin dates back to World War II[2]. It is a programmed identification technology that allows for noncontact reading of data, thereby making it attractive for vehicles[3].
It is usually operated with a tiny battery. The network lifetime is mainly affected by the targeted application and capacity of the battery. Hence, minimizing communications among the nodes is one of the essential requirements in designing a network of wireless sensor nodes[4]. When Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technologies are coupled to a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), new features are provided such as tracking，identification and localization. An RFID tag is incorporated into the object to be tracked or localized using radio signals. Among the various applications that can benefit from RFID-based localization and tracking technologies, vehicle identification and tracking appears to be a promising field[5] [6].
An RFID tag is attached to a vehicle which is identified as soon as it enters the RFID reader’s range. The data stored in the tag’s memory are captured by the reader and transmitted to a server through a public or private network. The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 explains the RIFD Technology; Section 3 discusses the structure of PVLS based on RFID; Section 4 describes system software and data gathering; Section 5 gives the application of PVLS; Finally, the conclusion is given in Section 6.
Related Work
In an endeavor to improve efficiency and security in transport systems, research is being done on RFID technology in different applications such as smart electronic parking, electronic ticketing, toll collection, virtual route tracking, and digital traffic light control and with some other RFID applications[4] [7]. The following literatures are several designs of such systems researched and implemented.
The location determination methods most commonly used in vehicles are communication mechanisms such as GSM, GPRS, GPS and a satellite. The GSM and GPRS coverage in remote locations is usually poor and the GPS system does not function well in areas which do not have proper line-of-sight to a GPS satellite[8]-[10]. In environments where GPS illumination is poor and weak, other wireless technologies can be implemented. RFID systems can be employed to determine the location of assets or objects in real time. The location data given from GPS devices is from a distance of 10 to 15 meters which is not precise. The PVLS designed using RFID technology in the project gives better results compared to other technologies, such as GSM, GPRS, GPS, etc[11]-[13].
A framework with moving vehicles with attached passive tags was proposed by Y. Zhang in 2009 [14] where the tags were located by RFID readers which were installed at the roadsides near the intersections. The idea was to improve the intelligent transport system of the traffic with real time status. The traffic sampling data was used to avoid multiple data collision which was a very challenging issue in his approach. The information of road intersection was preloaded in the RFID reader to determine the location. The road status throughout the city was evaluated by tracking individual vehicle’s information. The system was implemented and tests were conducted to evaluate the feasibility and functionality of the proposed framework.
Due to major advancements made to RFID technologies, various types of applications involving vehicles have been deployed, such as automatic toll gate payment, fleet management, safe navigation and intelligent transport systems. Most of these applications integrate a vehicle identification process using an RFID tag. When tracking becomes an application requirement, it is common to use GPS positioning to localize the vehicles. However，depending on the area where the vehicle is located, accuracy may not be adequate due to the high cost of the GPS receiver. A. Araar and H. Khali in 2012[15] proposed to investigate, at a system level, the incorporation of RFID technology and clustered WSN in order to identify and track vehicles to substitute GPS-based systems. The WSN is designed using smart nodes which incorporate an RFID reader with a wireless communication interface. The author’s analyzed the benefits of using a time-slotted approach and data fusion performed at the node level on the system throughput expressed as the number of vehicle tags read per second. Two metrics，energy delay and throughput, were used to evaluate the proposed fusion schemes. When deployed in desert-like regions, solar panels are recommended to avoid cluster head election. Simulation results showed when it is recommended to use RFID tag fusion and when it is not.
2. RFID Technology
2.1. RFID System Components
An RFID system is basically an integrated combination of various components which work together for detection and identification of objects or persons. These are the components which are primarily responsible for working of any RFID system whether basic or complex [16]. Although there can always be additional components associated with RFID systems like sensors etc. but the following are amongst the key components of these systems:
? RFID Tag
? RFID reader with an antenna and transceiver
? A host computer
2.2. Advantages
RFID technologies show some strengths and abilities that cannot be found using many conventional technologies to help automate processes and track products. Kaur [17] identified the following beneficial attributes that RFID technologies possess:
1. Reduction of human involvement which reduces costs and errors
2. Read/write memory capability
3. Large amounts of data can be stored to a unique identifier
4. Implementation of unique IDs is simpler with RFID than with barcodes
5. Tags can be read at any time simultaneously, reducing time and increases accuracy
2.3. Applications
RFID technology provides a variety of solutions to common problems faced by individuals and large complex businesses daily. An overview of some areas that are taking advantage of RFID technologies and providing are real time solutions to everyday problems is listed as follows:
? Instance or Class identification
? Location Tracking
? Data and Information Transfer
3. System Architecture
The design of the PVLS consists of a PC (server) and website. The PC contains the database and the system applications. The RFID reader of PVLS is simulated to evaluate that the system works and test its ability to collect and manage the arrival time information of buses from several tags in real-time. The reader is programmed to connect the PVLS with database, and to arrange the information that is received from readers in appropriate format to be used in the application system and website. Wireless communication (Wi-Fi) system is used to connect the PC with the readers. The proposed system consists of one RFID reader placed in the bus which wirelessly connects to the host PC over Wi-Fi, which has the system’s database installed (SQL Server).
The first step in the PVLS is to attach RFID reader to a vehicle that will identify the tags on various bus stops. It is suggested that the data being stored in a tag only be its unique tag ID and without any other details of the vehicle, so to keep the privacy of the vehicles. In this form no sensitive information is available, and prevent any unauthorized access to the data.
The reader reads the tags from various stops and sends the information to the database. The users are located at their various bus stations, waiting for the bus. Figure 1 shows the route of the University bus on which the system was trialed.
The operating system for the reader is Windows CE 5.0. The Reader is programmed in Microsoft Visual C# 2008 using Microsoft. NET Framework 3.5 environment and the database system is designed using Microsoft SQL express 2005.
The hardware components of the PVLS consists of a RFID reader and tags, and a host PC. In brief, the following components are used for building PVLS system:
Four computer devices (one as RFID reader via Personal Computer)
Wi-Fi system
Microsoft Visual C# 2008 with .NET Compact Framework 3.5
Microsoft SQL Express 2005
Apache Web Server with PHP extension (system website)
Figure 1. Route of the tested location tracking system.
Figure 2 shows the algorithm for the reader software which reads tags and stores the location information in the database. Figure 3 depicts the basic algorithm used by the website to present the information in a user friendly way to the users of the system.
RFID Hardware
The reader used for the above project, shown in Figure 4, is a SAAT-H522, which is a portable active reader, operating at 2.45 GHZ band. It has a very high performance, flexible and powerful reader with broader functions and a combination of various other features. SAAT-H522 is portable and user friendly together which is easy to use. The reader is suitable for person location, asset tracking, traffic vehicle management, etc.
4. Description of Public Vehicle Location System
The following are some conditions taken into consideration for whether the RFID technology is useful in the Public Vehicle Location system:
? The tags may be affected by change of weather
? There are many disturbances which may affect RF wave communication
? Vehicle routes are not well defined
? Equipment is difficult to install at the terminals as chances are it may be stolen
Figure 2. The flowchart of the PVLS system architecture
Figure 3. The flowchart showing displays at different locations.
Figure 4. SAAT-522 RFID hand held reader and passive tag.
? Reader may not send data to PC over Wi-Fi properly
? Reader may read tags which are opposite to each other on the road
Based on the above considerations and the parameters identified to determine success in RFID communication, distance, penetration, speed, the equipment capabilities in meeting project requirements were tested. The project planned was categorized into 2 sets. The first stage was to test how the effectiveness of the RFID communication system is affected by the parameters such as distance, speed and penetration and in the second stage trials were run to test the effectiveness of the system in different conditions to simulate the real operation scenario.
4. Conclusions
The rapid increase of vehicles on roads encourages the researchers to get new ideas or algorithms to be used in RFID technology in vehicles. RFID is becoming a promising technology for the transportation industry with a potential that is not fully utilized. The research focused on how technologies of identification by RFID can be used to build public transport location in real time by collecting information from the tags which is placed in various Bus Stops. The research also focused on the actual RFID hardware implementation such as the passive tags and the reader that is used to track the University Bus as it moves from one station to the other.
The implemented project of the PVLS structure is designed where every vehicle has a RFID reader in place. The information at various stops, where a tag is read, transmits the location in real-time to the reader which sends the data via Wi-Fi to the server in the personal computer in the vehicle. Then the information from the database is processed by the website and made available to the clients at different stations. The results obtained from the actual studies show that the reader to the clients was realistic and very reliable. The information received from RFID system at various bus stations gains benefits by providing the arrival time of the bus to the students and passengers waiting for the University Bus. Since the information is provided in the form of a web site, it can be dispensed to the users not only at the bus stops, but also to their personal devices such as smart phones and tablets.
中文譯文
無線傳感器在公共交通系統(tǒng)上的應(yīng)用
摘要
現(xiàn)如今，由于道路上車輛的數(shù)量迅速增加，實時車輛自動識別(AVI)技術(shù)正在成為緊迫的需求。射頻識別(RFID)技術(shù)可以通過放在車?yán)锏腞FID閱讀器實時識別并收集道路車輛信息，獲取車輛位置實現(xiàn)。本文致力于設(shè)計公共車輛定位系統(tǒng)(PVLS)。提出的的結(jié)構(gòu)由放置在選擇路線上的不同位置的被動RFID標(biāo)簽、公共汽車上的RFID閱讀器、個人電腦和無線通信指揮軟件(RFID閱讀器和數(shù)據(jù)庫結(jié)構(gòu))，還有PVLS應(yīng)用程序和網(wǎng)站組成。設(shè)計的系統(tǒng)控制、管理和監(jiān)控單位RFID閱讀器的性能。它還過濾并將信息存儲為一個適當(dāng)?shù)母袷?這樣它可以在應(yīng)用程序系統(tǒng)和網(wǎng)站中毫無困難地使用。這個系統(tǒng)通過使用由Visual c# 2008與緊湊框架編程的放置在公共汽車的RFID實現(xiàn)。
關(guān)鍵詞：射頻識別、車輛、位置跟蹤、公共交通
1介紹
在當(dāng)今快節(jié)奏社會，時間是無價的，沒有人愿意花費(fèi)長時間等待一個公共交通工具[1]。由于時間危機(jī),如果到達(dá)的信息、實時狀態(tài),旅行持續(xù)時間等等可以變得準(zhǔn)確，這將會方便公眾,這樣他們就可以選擇其他替代方案。目前，不能完全依賴于公交巴士公司在他們的網(wǎng)站上提供的固定時間，因為交通狀況和在某些情況下的事故等因素會延誤公交車的到來。汽車站巴士時間表的管理因此變得非常困難和不可預(yù)測。因此，開發(fā)一個有效率的跟蹤系統(tǒng)來滿足乘客的需求是迫切的需要。RFID顯然不是一項新技術(shù)，它的起源可以追溯到第二次世界大戰(zhàn)[2]。這是一個對車輛產(chǎn)生吸引力，從而使其可以不接觸就識別讀取數(shù)據(jù)的編程技術(shù)。
它通常用一個小電池操作。網(wǎng)絡(luò)生命周期主要受目標(biāo)應(yīng)用程序和電池容量影響。因此,在設(shè)計一個無線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)節(jié)點時，減少節(jié)點之間的通信是必不可少的[4]。當(dāng)射頻識別(RFID)技術(shù)與無線傳感器網(wǎng)絡(luò)(WSN)耦合,就提供了一些新的特性,如跟蹤,識別和定位。一個RFID標(biāo)簽被納入對象用來跟蹤或局部使用收音機(jī)信號。在各種可以受益于基于RFID定位和跟蹤技術(shù)的應(yīng)用程序中，車輛識別和跟蹤似乎是一個有前途的領(lǐng)域。
車輛一旦進(jìn)入RFID閱讀器的范圍就會被識別，然后一個RFID標(biāo)簽附加到車輛上。存儲在標(biāo)簽內(nèi)存里的數(shù)據(jù)被閱讀器捕獲并且通過一個公共或私人網(wǎng)絡(luò)傳輸?shù)椒?wù)器。文章余下的部分組織如下:第二節(jié)解釋了RIFD技術(shù);第三節(jié)討論了基于RFID的PVLS結(jié)構(gòu);第四部分描述了系統(tǒng)軟件和數(shù)據(jù)采集;第五節(jié)給出了PVLS的應(yīng)用;最后,結(jié)論在第六節(jié)給出。
相關(guān)工作
為了努力提高運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)效率和安全性，,正在進(jìn)行射頻識別技術(shù)在不同應(yīng)用程序上的重要性的研究，如智能電子停車、電子票務(wù)、收費(fèi)、虛擬路徑跟蹤和數(shù)字交通燈控制和其他RFID應(yīng)用[4][7]。以下文獻(xiàn)是幾種讓這樣的系統(tǒng)研究和實現(xiàn)的設(shè)計。
車輛的位置最常用的確定方法是通過通信機(jī)制如GSM、GPRS、GPS衛(wèi)星。偏遠(yuǎn)地區(qū)GSM和GPRS覆蓋率通常很低，且GPS系統(tǒng)在那些地區(qū)不能運(yùn)作的很好,沒有適當(dāng)?shù)闹本€軌跡GPS衛(wèi)星[8],[10]。在GPS照明虛弱和不足環(huán)境下,其他無線技術(shù)可以實現(xiàn)。射頻識別系統(tǒng)可以用來確定資產(chǎn)或?qū)ο蟮膶崟r位置。GPS設(shè)備在10到15米的距離給出的位置數(shù)據(jù)是不準(zhǔn)確的。在項目中，PVLS設(shè)計使用的是射頻識別技術(shù)，與其他技術(shù)，如GSM、GPRS、GPS等相比能給出更好的結(jié)果。
Y. Zhang在2009年提出了一個附帶被動標(biāo)簽的行駛車輛框架[14]，標(biāo)簽位于安裝在十字路口附近路邊的RFID閱讀器中。這個想法是為了改善交通智能運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)的實時狀態(tài)。在他的方法中，為了避免多個數(shù)據(jù)碰撞所使用的交通抽樣數(shù)據(jù)是一個非常具有挑戰(zhàn)性的難題。十字路口的信息是加載在RFID閱讀器中來確定位置的。整個城市道路狀況通過跟蹤單個車輛的信息來評估。這個系統(tǒng)實現(xiàn)并進(jìn)行了測試來評估提出的框架的可行性和功能。
由于RFID技術(shù)的重大進(jìn)步,各種類型涉及車輛的應(yīng)用程序被部署,如自動收費(fèi)站付款,車隊管理,安全導(dǎo)航和智能交通系統(tǒng)。大多數(shù)應(yīng)用程序使用一個RFID標(biāo)簽來集成車輛識別過程。當(dāng)跟蹤成為一個應(yīng)用程序的要求，它通常使用GPS定位來定位車輛。然而,根據(jù)區(qū)域車輛所在地，由于GPS接收器的成本較高，它的精度可能不足。A. Araar和H. Khali在2012年[15]提出了調(diào)查,在系統(tǒng)層面，整合射頻識別技術(shù)和聚合WSN以識別和跟蹤車輛來替換GPS系統(tǒng)。
WSN設(shè)計使用的智能節(jié)點包含一個RFID閱讀器的無線通訊接口。作者分析了使用時隙化方法的優(yōu)點和在節(jié)點級別執(zhí)行的數(shù)據(jù)融合的系統(tǒng)吞吐量表達(dá)每秒讀取車輛數(shù)量的標(biāo)簽。兩個指標(biāo)，能量延遲和吞吐量,被用來評估擬議的融合方案。當(dāng)太陽能電池板部署在荒涼的地區(qū),建議避免簇頭選舉。當(dāng)它推薦使用RFID標(biāo)簽融合時仿真結(jié)果顯示,否則不顯示。
2射頻識別技術(shù)
2.1射頻識別系統(tǒng)組件
一個RFID系統(tǒng)基本上是共同工作的以檢測和識別物體或人的各種組件一個集成組合。這些組件主要負(fù)責(zé)所有射頻識別系統(tǒng)的工作，不管是基本的或復(fù)雜的[16]。盡管總是可以有附加組件與射頻識別系統(tǒng),如傳感器等。但以下是在這個系統(tǒng)里的關(guān)鍵部件:·
l RFID標(biāo)簽
l RFID閱讀器和天線收發(fā)器
l 主機(jī)電腦
2.2優(yōu)勢
射頻識別技術(shù)顯示了一些使用許多傳統(tǒng)技術(shù)幫助自動化過程和跟蹤產(chǎn)品無法發(fā)現(xiàn)的優(yōu)點和能力。Kaur[17]確定RFID技術(shù)具有以下有益的屬性：
1、減少人類的參與降低成本和錯誤
2、讀/寫記憶能力
3、大量的數(shù)據(jù)可以存儲一個惟一的標(biāo)識符
4、用RFID實現(xiàn)獨(dú)特的ID與用條形碼相比更簡單
5、標(biāo)簽可以在任何時候同時閱讀,減少時間和提高準(zhǔn)確性
2.3應(yīng)用程序
射頻識別技術(shù)提供了各種解決個人和大型復(fù)雜企業(yè)共同面臨的問題的方法。一些地區(qū)利用RFID技術(shù)和提供實時解決日常問題的概況列出如下:
l 實例或分類標(biāo)識
l 位置跟蹤
l 數(shù)據(jù)和信息傳輸
3系統(tǒng)框架
PVLS的設(shè)計由計算機(jī)(服務(wù)器)和網(wǎng)站組成。電腦包含數(shù)據(jù)庫和系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用程序。PVLS的RFID閱讀器模擬評估系統(tǒng)的工作原理和測試其收集的能力，并且通過實時的一些標(biāo)記管理公交車的到達(dá)時間信息。通過數(shù)據(jù)庫閱讀器被編程與PVLS連接,并且安排閱讀器收到信息為適當(dāng)?shù)母袷揭杂糜趹?yīng)用系統(tǒng)和網(wǎng)站。無線通信系統(tǒng)(WIFI)被用來連接電腦和閱讀器。
PVLS的第一步是把RFID閱讀器附加到將會在不同的公交車站識別標(biāo)簽的車輛上。它建議數(shù)據(jù)被存儲在一個有獨(dú)特標(biāo)簽ID的標(biāo)簽里，不涉及任何其他的車輛細(xì)節(jié)以保持車輛的隱私。在這種形式下沒有敏感信息會被獲取,并且能夠防止任何未經(jīng)授權(quán)的數(shù)據(jù)訪問。
該系統(tǒng)由一個放在公共汽車上的可以通過WIFI無線連接安裝系統(tǒng)的數(shù)據(jù)庫(SQL Server)的主機(jī)電腦的RFID閱讀器組成。閱讀器從不同的車站閱讀標(biāo)簽并發(fā)送信息到數(shù)據(jù)庫中。用戶位于不同的車站,等待公共汽車。這個系統(tǒng)正在圖1顯示的大學(xué)公交路線上試驗著。
閱讀器的操作系統(tǒng)是Windows CE 5.0。它在Visual c#2008中使用微軟凈框架3.5環(huán)境編程并且數(shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)是使用微軟SQL express 2005設(shè)計的。
PVLS的硬件組件由一個RFID閱讀器、標(biāo)簽和一個主機(jī)電腦組成?？傊?以下組件用于建立PVLS系統(tǒng):
l 四個計算機(jī)設(shè)備(一個通過個人電腦的RFID閱讀器)
l WIFI系統(tǒng)
l 微軟Visual c# 2008微軟凈框架 3.5
l 微軟SQL Express 2005
l Apache Web服務(wù)器和PHP擴(kuò)展(系統(tǒng)網(wǎng)站)
圖1 測試位置的跟蹤系統(tǒng)路線。
圖2顯示了閱讀器軟件讀取標(biāo)簽和在數(shù)據(jù)庫中存儲位置信息的算法。
圖3描述了使用網(wǎng)站來以用戶友好的方式呈現(xiàn)信息系統(tǒng)用戶的基本算法。
RFID硬件
閱讀器用于上述項目,如圖4所示,是一個SAAT-H522,這是一種工作在2.45 GHZ波段的便攜式活躍的閱讀器。它有非常高性能,靈活且強(qiáng)大的閱讀器提供更廣泛的功能，且是各種其他功能的結(jié)合。SAAT-H522操作簡便，便攜且用戶友好。閱讀器適用于人定位,資產(chǎn)跟蹤、交通車輛管理等。
4公共汽車定位系統(tǒng)的描述
以下是一些考慮到的射頻識別技術(shù)在公共汽車定位系統(tǒng)中是否有用的情況:
l 標(biāo)簽可能會受到天氣變化的影響
l 有許多可能影響射頻波通信的干擾
l 車輛路線不是很好明確
l 設(shè)備很難安裝在終端，它可能會被偷
圖2 PVLS系統(tǒng)架構(gòu)流程圖
圖3 流程圖在不同的位置顯示顯示器。
圖4 SAAT- 522 RFID手持式閱讀器和電子標(biāo)簽。
閱讀器可能在WIFI情況下將不正確的數(shù)據(jù)發(fā)送給PC
閱讀器可能在路上讀互為相反標(biāo)簽
基于上述考慮,確定參數(shù)來確認(rèn)RFID通信的成功,滿足項目需求的距離、滲透、速度、設(shè)備能力正進(jìn)行測試。項目計劃分為2組。第一階段是測試RFID通信系統(tǒng)被距離,速度和滲透等參數(shù)影響后的有效性如何,在第二階段試驗運(yùn)行測試系統(tǒng)在不同條件下的有效性來模擬實際操作場景。
4結(jié)論
道路上汽車數(shù)量的快速增長鼓勵研究人員得到新的想法或算法來在汽車中使用射頻識別技術(shù)。RFID正成為交通運(yùn)輸業(yè)一個有前途但未充分利用的潛在技術(shù)。研究致力于射頻識別的識別技術(shù)如何通過從放置在各處公共汽車站的標(biāo)簽收集信息來使用在構(gòu)建公共交通實時定位上。這項研究還集中在實際RFID硬件的實現(xiàn)，如電子標(biāo)簽和用來跟蹤大學(xué)公交從一個站移動到另一個站的閱讀器。
PVLS結(jié)構(gòu)實施項目正在每一個合適裝有RFID閱讀器車輛的地方設(shè)計著。在不同的車站標(biāo)簽?zāi)鼙蛔x取,并實時向閱讀器傳輸位置信息，閱讀器通過WIFI向車上個人電腦的服務(wù)器發(fā)送數(shù)據(jù)。然后信息從網(wǎng)站處理的數(shù)據(jù)庫,提供給在不同的車站的客戶。從實際的研究中獲得的結(jié)果表明,閱讀器對于客戶是現(xiàn)實和非常可靠的。不同的公交車站的射頻識別系統(tǒng)收到的信息通過向等待大學(xué)巴士的學(xué)生和乘客提供汽車到達(dá)的時間來獲得利益。由于信息通過一個網(wǎng)站的形式提供,它不僅可以在公交車站分發(fā)到用戶,而且可以發(fā)布到他們的個人設(shè)備上,如智能手機(jī)和平板電腦。