450MW燃煤電廠煙氣除塵脫硫工程設計【含CAD圖紙+文檔】

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1 目錄 外文一 2 原文 2 譯文 8 外文二 12 原文 12 譯文 15 2 外文一 原文 MACROSCOPIC TO MICROSCOPIC STUDIES OF FLUE GAS DESULFURIZATION BYPRODUCTS FOR ACID MINE DRAINAGE MITIGATION INTRODUCTION The use of flue gas desulfurization FGD systems to reduce SO2 emissions has resulted in the generation of large quantities of byproducts These and other byproducts are being stockpiled at the very time that alkaline materials having high neutralization potential are needed to mitigate acid mine drainage AMD FGD byproducts are highly alkaline materials composed primarily of unreacted sorbents lime or limestone and sulfates and sulfites of Ca Approximately 20 million tons of FGD material were generated by electric power utilities equipped with wet lime limestone FGD systems according to the lastest calculation l993 Less than 5 of this material has been put to beneficial use for agricultural soil amendments and for the production of wallboard and cement Four USGS projects are examining FGD byproduct use to address these concerns These projects involve 1 calculating the volume of flue gas desulfurization FGD byproduct generation and their geographic locations in relation to AMD 2 determining byproduct chemistry and mineralogy 3 evaluating hydrology and geochemistry of atmospheric fluidized bed combustion byproduct as soil amendment in Ohio and 4 analyzing microbial degradation of gypsum in anoxic limestone drains in West Virginia 3 UNITED STATES FGD DATA BASE The Industrial Minerals Branch of the Office of Minerals Information formerly the U S Bureau of Mines at the USGS has developed a Geographic Information System GIS that can be used to provide information on the availability and proximity of FGD byproducts and potential markets such as wallboard plants portland cement industries and AMD problem areas With this information we are able to assess the economic potential of FGD byproduct markets on a national basis for the first time The distribution of electric power utilities equipped with FGD units is widespread FGD byproduct production and accumulation to the year 1998 was forecast by the Energy Information Administration At current production rates as much as 200 million metric tons of FGD materials will be generated and stored primarily in landfills by the year 2000 This is an enormous volume of highly alkaline material An important objective therefore is to characterize FGD byproduct chemistry and mineralogy to identify beneficial and deleterious components CHARACTERIZATION OF FGD FEED LIMESTONE AND BYPRODUCTS The USGS the Kentucky Geological Survey and a Kentucky utility have initiated a project to gather information on the chemistry and mineralogy of feed coal feed limestone fly ash bottom ash and FGD byproduct at a Kentucky power plant Samples of each of these materials are being collected at monthly intervals The wide variety of analyses on each include the concentration of as many as 50 elements mineralogy X ray diffraction optical petrography modes of occurrence scanning electron microscopy microprobe analysis selective leaching organic geochemistry radionuclide analysis toxic characterization of leaching procedure TCLP and column leaching Results from this data base will be made available and are expected to provide insights into the influence of chemistry and mineralogy of the feed limestone and coal on the chemistry of FGD sludges An important objective is to use the data to 4 determine the relative reactivity of the various byproduct components in surface and ground water SURFACE AND GROUND WATER CHARACTERIZATION OF FGD BYPRODUCT UTILIZATION AT DEMONSTRATION SITE IN TUSCARAWAS COUNTY OHIO FGD byproducts were applied at an abandoned surface coal mine in Tuscarawas County Ohio to neutralize AMD learn about changes in water chemistry and increase soil alkalinity to aid in revegetation This research is a joint effort between the USGS Water Resources Division Ohio District and The Ohio State University Dry FGD byproduct was applied to the surface in late 1994 during reclamation of the 45 acre Fleming site Pre reclamation surface water discharges from the site were acidic pH 2 9 to 5 5 and erosion was severe owing to lack of vegetation FGD materials were applied to six 1 acre test watersheds on bases of 4 feet thick acidic mine spoil Three replicates of 3 reclamation treatments were applied to each spoil surface either as 1 standard reclamation practice of 8 in of topsoil amended with ag lime 2 8 in of topsoil amended with 125 tons acre dry FGD byproduct or 3 8 in of topsoil amended with a blend of dry FGD byproduct and yard waste compost In addition FGD materials were applied at a rate of 125 tons acre to reworked minespoil in a buffer zone that surrounds the test plots Physical mineralogical and engineering properties of FGD materials used at the Fleming site have been extensively investigated 3 4 5 The dry FGD byproduct used in this study was produced by an atmospheric fluidized bed boiler operating at a General Motors plant in Pontiac Mich The boiler uses coal and limestone produced in Ohio Constituents having existing primary or secondary drinking water standards and therefore potential adverse affects on water quality if leached in sufficient quantities from the FGD byproduct include As 47 ppm Cr 75 ppm Ni 55 ppm Pb 36 ppm Se 11 ppm and SO4 18 to 21 weight percent as SO4 Paste pH of the 5 FGD byproduct ranges from 10 to 12 and the CaCO3 equivalency ranges from 37 7 to 39 5 tons CaCO3 100 tons of byproduct Hydrogeology and geochemistry of the Fleming site were investigated by rock coring and whole rock analysis 35 soil suction lysimeters and 20 monitoring wells and surface and borehole geophysics Lysimeters were installed at 1 5 4 5 ft depths whereas wells were screened at about 30 100 ft depths Water levels specific conductance and temperature have been measured hourly in 7 automated monitoring wells since June 1995 Because of high sulfate concentrations in both shallow ground water affected by AMD and in the FGD leachate the isotopic composition of dissolved sulfate is being investigated as a possible tracer of FGD byproduct leachate Initial results indicate that the composition of surface water and shallow pore water have been affected by FGD byproduct leachate Pore waters collected from lysimeters in the application area have pH values greater than 6 5 Fe concentrations less than 1 0 mg L sulfate concentrations on the order of 5 000 to 10 000 mg L and molar Mg Ca ratios greater than 5 whereas pore water samples from lysimeters installed outside the application area have lower pH values 4 4 5 7 and sulfate and dissolved solids concentrations that are a factor of 5 to 10 lower than those in samples from lysimeters inside the application area These data are consistent with the hypothesis that alkaline leachate which infiltrate the unsaturated minespoil is neutralizing acidity produced by oxidation of pyrite The result is near neutral pH values and low dissolved iron and aluminum concentrations High sulfate concentrations primarily reflect leaching of the gypsum component of the FGD material In contrast ground water beneath the Fleming site typically has pH values of 5 to 6 dissolved Fe concentrations of several hundred mg L sulfate concentrations of several hundred to several thousand mg L and Mg Ca molar ratios 1 0 These data suggest that leachate from the FGD byproduct has not reached any of the on site monitoring wells However because most precipitation leaves the site via surface runoff recharge to the shallow aquifer is slow around 3 to 5 in yr Thus the effect of 6 FGD leachate on ground water beneath the Fleming site has not yet been detected and several years of monitoring may be needed Ground water samples are to be collected annually through 1998 to assess long term changes in water quality The high sulfate in the pore water and eventually in the ground water are expected given the chemical nature of FGD byproducts The next experiment was designed to learn more about dissolution of gypsum and the fate of dissolved sulfate in the environment MICROBIAL INTERACTIONS WITH GYPSUM AT RIDENOUR RAMP ANOXIC LIMESTONE DRAIN SITE MORGANTOWN WEST VIRGINIA In an AMD environment already having an overabundance of sulfate it is important to learn how the FGD mineral gypsum will act under field conditions Dissolution of gypsum was analyzed in a series of anoxic limestone drains ALD near Morgantown WV Built at the outflows of acidic drainage ALD s are trenches filled with limestone gravel to add alkalinity and then covered to keep them anoxic so that metals remain in solution and do not coat the limestone gravel 6 Many ALD s fail within months as the gravel becomes plugged with iron and aluminum hydroxides 7 The ALD s used in this experiment were built at an abandoned coal mine located at the Ridenour site 8 5 km northeast of Morgantown WV The area was reclaimed in 1992 by USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service formerly SCS The Ridenour Rural Abandoned Mine Program RAMP site design included 3 anoxic limestone drains along with other reclamation work 7 During construction monitoring wells were installed in the ALD s and wire cages filled with limestone gravel were suspended downhole to monitor progressive changes in the gravel surface Within 6 months the limestone in one well the Black Drain well became coated with a black precipitate that contained Fe but lacked Mn and S as determined by energy dispersive spectroscopy 7 Experimental design included affixing transparent gypsum crystals to microscope slides Glass control slides along with the gypsum coated slides were attached to the wire cages and suspended downhole in the monitoring wells to investigate microbial and chemical interactions with the gypsum The slides were left in the monitoring wells for 6 weeks in the spring of 1996 and then collected for microbial analysis At this time chemical and microbial analyses have only been undertaken on the Black Drain well Whereas inflowing pH was acid when the ALD was built downhole pH is now 6 3 In 6 weeks rod shaped bacteria attached to both slides The gypsum slide remained transparent colorless and brown short rods were sparsely distributed in patches The glass control slide was coated by short and long colorless rods These results show that the gypsum did not dissolve overall under subsurface conditions at the Black Drain locality The gypsum crystal appears to be acting as an inert substance at least for the short term in this initial experiment however the water is undersaturated with respect to gypsum suggesting that gypsum eventually will dissolve CONCLUSIONS As much as 200 million metric tons of FGD byproducts will be generated by the year 2000 Finding beneficial uses for this enormous volume of highly alkaline materials is the driving factor in our research Detailed chemistry and mineralogy are being analyzed on FGD feed limestone and byproducts from a power plant in Kentucky Geochemical and hydrological studies at a site in Ohio using FGD byproduct as an agricultural amendment show that acidity and iron concentration have been reduced whereas sulfate has increased in pore water Microbiological study of the dissolution of gypsum the major sulfate component of FGD byproducts shows that microbial attachment is evident within 20 days and that gypsum appears to act as an inert substance at least on the short term In total preliminary results from these data and 8 experiments show that the enormous volume and alkalinity of FGD byproducts have promise for use in AMD mitigation 9 譯文 宏觀對廢氣脫硫副產(chǎn)物的微觀研究為酸礦排水設備緩和 1 簡介 對廢氣脫硫 FGD 系統(tǒng)的用途減少二氧化硫放射導致很大數(shù)量的副產(chǎn)物的 世代 這些和其它副產(chǎn)物被儲備在時間 堿性材料有高中立化潛力是需要的緩 和酸礦排水設備 AMD FGD 副產(chǎn)物是高度堿性材料組成主要由無反應的吸 著劑 石灰或石灰石和硫化和加州硫化物 大約 20 百萬噸 FGD 材料由電力 公共事業(yè)引起了被裝備以濕石灰石灰石 FGD 系統(tǒng)根據(jù) lastest 演算 l993 少 于 5 這材料被投入了對有利用途為農(nóng)業(yè)土壤校正和為墻板和水泥的生產(chǎn) 四個 USGS 項目審查 FGD 副產(chǎn)物用途表達這些關心 這些項目介入 1 計算廢氣脫硫 FGD 副產(chǎn)物世代和他們的地理位置的容量關于 AMD 2 確定 副產(chǎn)物化學并且礦物學 3 大氣燃燒副產(chǎn)物評估的水文學和地球化學當土壤校 正在俄亥俄 和 4 分析石膏的微生物退化在缺氧石灰石里排泄在西維吉尼亞 2 美國 FGD 數(shù)據(jù)庫 礦物信息 以前美國局辦公室的工業(yè)礦物分支礦 在 USGS 開發(fā)了可能被 使用提供信息在 FGD 副產(chǎn)物和潛在市場可及性和接近度 譬如墻板植物 波 特蘭水泥工業(yè) 和 AMD 問題范圍的一個地理信息系統(tǒng) GIS 以這信息 我們 能第一次估計 FGD 副產(chǎn)物市場經(jīng)濟潛力在全國范圍內(nèi) 電力公共事業(yè)的發(fā)行被裝備以 FGD 單位普遍 圖 1 FGD 副產(chǎn)物生產(chǎn)和 儲積對年 1998 年由能量信息管理 圖 2 展望了 以當前的生產(chǎn)率 盡量 200 百萬公噸 FGD 材料將引起和將被存放主要在垃圾填埋里至 2000 年 這是高度 堿性材料的極大的容量 一個重要宗旨將 因此 描繪 FGD 副產(chǎn)物化學和礦物 學辨認有利和有害組分 3 FGD 飼料石灰石和副產(chǎn)物的描述特性 10 USGS 肯塔基地質(zhì)調(diào)查 和肯塔基公共事業(yè)創(chuàng)始項目收集信息關于飼料 煤炭 飼料石灰石 飛煙 底下灰 和 FGD 副產(chǎn)物化學和礦物學在肯塔基能 源廠 每個的樣品這些材料被收集在月度間隔時間 分析廣品種在每個包括集 中多達 50 個元素 礦物學 X 射線衍射 光學巖相學 發(fā)生 掃描電子顯微鏡術 microprobe 分析方式 有選擇性浸出 有機地球化學 放射性核素分析 浸出 的做法的毒性描述特性 TCLP 并且專欄浸出 結果從這個數(shù)據(jù)庫將使可利用和被預計提供洞察入化學的飼料石灰石和煤 炭的影響和礦物學在 FGD 爛泥化學 一個重要宗旨將使用數(shù)據(jù)確定各種各樣 的副產(chǎn)物組分的相對反應性在地表和地面水里 FGD 副產(chǎn)物運用的地表和地面水描述特性在示范站點在 TUSCARAWAS 縣 俄亥俄 FGD 副產(chǎn)物是應用的在一個被摒棄的表面煤礦在 Tuscarawas 縣 俄亥俄 中立化 AMD 得知變化在水化學上 和增加土壤強堿性對援助在反蔬菜 這研 究是共同努力在 USGS 水源分部 俄亥俄區(qū) 并且俄亥俄州立大學之間 干燥 FGD 副產(chǎn)物向表面被應用了在晚 1994 在 45 英畝農(nóng)莊站點的開墾 期間 前開墾硫水放電從站點是酸性的 酸堿度 2 9 到 5 5 并且侵蝕是嚴厲的 由于缺乏植被 FGD 材料向六 1 英畝測試意義重大被應用了在 4 腳厚實的酸 性礦掠奪物基地 3 種開墾治療三件復制品向各掠奪物表面 或者被應用了作 為 1 8 in 標準開墾實踐表土被修正與 ag 石灰 2 8 in 表土修正了與 125 tons acre 干燥 FGD 副產(chǎn)物 或 3 8 in 表土修正了以干燥 FGD 副產(chǎn)物混合 和圍場浪費天然肥料 另外 FGD 材料是應用的以 125 tons acre 的率對被整頓的 minespoil 在 圍攏測試劇情的緩沖帶 FGD 材料物理 礦物學 和工程學物產(chǎn)被用于在 Fleming 站點廣泛地被調(diào) 查了 3 4 5 干燥 FGD 副產(chǎn)物被使用在這項研究由一個大氣硫化床鍋爐導 致了經(jīng)營在通用汽車公司植物在 Pontiac Mich 鍋爐用途煤炭和石灰石生產(chǎn) 了在俄亥俄 組成部分有存在主要或次要飲用水標準和因此潛力有害影響在水 質(zhì)如果浸出以充足的數(shù)量從 FGD 副產(chǎn)物包括和 47 ppm Cr 75 ppm Ni 55 ppm 鉛 36 ppm Se 11 ppm 和 SO4 18 到 21 重量百分之作為 SO4 11 漿糊酸堿度 FGD 副產(chǎn)物范圍從 10 到 12 并且 CaCO3 相等范圍從 37 7 到 39 5 噸 CaCO3 100 噸副產(chǎn)物 農(nóng)莊站點的水文地質(zhì)學和地球化學由巖石挖出果核調(diào)查了和完全巖石分析 35 土壤吸測試劑和 20 口監(jiān)測的井 和表面和鉆孔地球物理 測試劑被安裝了 在 1 5 4 5 ft 深度 但是井被篩選了在大約 30 100 ft 深度 水平面 具體導率 和溫度每小時被測量了在 7 口自動化的監(jiān)測的井從 1995 年 6 月 由于高硫集 中在淺地下水里由 AMD 影響和在 FGD 處理上 被溶化的硫的同位素構成被調(diào) 查作為 FGD 副產(chǎn)物處理上一個可能的追蹤者 原始結果表明 水面的構成和淺水孔由 FGD 副產(chǎn)物處理影響了 水孔從 測試劑收集了在應用范圍有 PH 值大于 6 5 Fe 含量少于 1 0 mg L 硫集中大 約 5 000 到 10 000 mg L 和槽牙 Mg Ca 比率大于 5 但是毛孔水抽樣從測試 劑被安裝在應用范圍之外有是因素 5 到 10 低比那些在樣品從測試劑在應用范 圍里面的更低的 PH 值 4 4 5 7 并且硫和被溶化的固體含量 滲入不飽和的礦 井的這數(shù)據(jù)與假說是一致的 堿性測試劑中立化酸度由硫鐵礦的氧化作用導致 結果是近中立 PH 值和低被溶化的鋼和鋁含量 高硫集中主要反射浸出 FGD 材料的石膏組分 相反 地下水在農(nóng)莊站點之下典型地有 5 到 6 幾百 mg L 的被溶化的 Fe 含量 硫集中的 PH 值幾百對幾一千個 mg L 和 Mg Ca 槽牙比率相反 地下 水在農(nóng)莊站點之下典型地有 PH 值的 5 到 6 被溶化的 Fe 含量幾百鎂 L 硫 化集中幾百對幾一千毫克 L 并且鎂 加州槽牙比率 1 0 這數(shù)據(jù)建議處理 從 FGD 副產(chǎn)物未到達其中任一口本地監(jiān)視井 然而 因為多數(shù)降雨雪通過 地面徑流過程線留下站點 再充電對淺蓄水層是慢的 大約 3 到 5 寸年 因 而 FGD 處理的作用在地水在農(nóng)莊站點之下未被查出 并且?guī)啄瓯O(jiān)視也許是需 要的 地水樣品將通過 1998 年年年收集估計長期變動進入水質(zhì) 高的硫在水孔 和最終在地下水 被期望被給 FGD 副產(chǎn)物的化工本質(zhì) 下 個實驗被設計學會更多關于石膏的溶解和被溶化的硫命運在環(huán)境里 4 微生物互作用與石膏在 RIDENOUR 舷梯缺氧石灰石流失站點 MORGANTOWN 西維吉尼亞 12 在 AMD 環(huán)境里已經(jīng)有硫化物過剩 它是重要學會怎么 FGD 礦物石膏將 行動在領域情況下 石膏的溶解被分析了參加一系列缺氧石灰石流失 ALD 在 Morgantown WV 這里 附近 修造在酸性排水設備流出 ALD 的是溝槽用石灰 石石渣被填裝增加強堿性和然后被蓋保持他們?nèi)毖跻员憬饘俦Ａ粼诮獯?不涂 上石灰石石渣 許多 ALD 的無法在月內(nèi)作為石渣成為塞住與鋼和氫氧化鋁 ALD 的被使用在這個實驗被修造了在一個被摒棄的煤礦位于 Ridenour 站點 Morgantown WV 8 5 公里東北部 1992 年區(qū)域被索還了由 USDA USDA 自 然資源 保護服務 以前 SCS Ridenour 農(nóng)村被摒棄的礦節(jié)目 舷梯 站點設 計包括 3 缺氧石灰石流失與其它開墾工作 7 一起 在建筑期間 監(jiān)測井被安 裝了在 ALD 的 并且導線籠子用石灰石石渣被填裝是暫停的洞下的監(jiān)測進步變 化在石渣表面上 在 6 個月內(nèi) 石灰石在一口井 黑流失 好 依照由能量分散 性分光學確定變得上漆與包含 Fe 但的黑沉淀物缺乏 Mn 和 S 實驗性設計包括添加的透明石膏水晶對顯微鏡幻燈片 玻璃控制幻燈片 與石膏上漆的幻燈片一起 附有了導線籠子和暫停深井在監(jiān)視井調(diào)查微生物和 化工互作用與石膏 幻燈片被留下在監(jiān)視井 6 個星期在 1996 年的春天 和然 后被收集了為微生物分析 此時 化工和微生物分析只被承擔了在 黑流失 好 但是表面酸堿度是酸 的當 ALD 被修造了 洞下的酸堿度現(xiàn)在是 6 3 在 6 個星期 大腸桿菌細菌附 有兩張幻燈片 石膏幻燈片依然是透明 無色和棕色短的標尺稀稀落落地被分 布了在補丁 玻璃控制幻燈片由短和長的無色的標尺涂上了 這些結果表示 石膏整體上沒有溶化在表層下情況下在 黑流失 現(xiàn)場 石 膏水晶看上去作為一種惰性物質(zhì)至少為短期在這個最初的實驗 但是 水是已經(jīng) 滲透談到石膏 表 1 建議石膏最終將溶化 結論 盡量 200 百萬公噸 FGD 副產(chǎn)物將至 2000 年引起 發(fā)現(xiàn)有利用途為這高 度堿性材料的極大的容量是駕駛的因素在我們的研究 詳細的化學和礦物學被 分析在 FGD 飼料石灰石和副產(chǎn)物從一個能源廠在肯塔基 地球化學和水文學 研究在一個站點在俄亥俄使用 FGD 副產(chǎn)物作為一個農(nóng)業(yè)校正表示 酸度和鋼 含量被減少了 但是硫增加了在水孔里 石膏的溶解 FGD 副產(chǎn)物主要硫組分 13 的微生物學的研究 表示 微生物附件是顯然的在 20 天之內(nèi)并且 石膏看上去 作為一種惰性物質(zhì)至少在短期 總共 初階結果從這數(shù)據(jù)和實驗表示 FGD 副 產(chǎn)物極大的容量和強堿性有諾言至于使用在 AMD 緩和 外文二 原文 Dry Flue Gas Desulfurization FGD Dry FGD Technology In dry scrubbers a calcium hydroxide slurry quicklime mixed with water is introduced into a spray dryer tower see figure below The slurry is atomized and injected close to saturation into the flue gases where droplets react with SO2 as they evaporate in the vessel The resulting dry by product is collected in the bottom of the spray dryer and in the particulate removal equipment ESP or bagfilter Spray Dryer Flue Gas Desulfuration Process 14 This figure shows how lime and water calcium hydroxide slurry are introduced into the spray dryer tower top center where they mix with the flue gas to form CaSO4 Fly ash CaSO3 CaSO4 and unreacted lime are removed by a fabric filter or ESP downstream of the spray dryer Part of these solid wastes is recycled into the tower the remainder is sent to a disposal site A portion of the dry by product is recycled to the spray dryer to enhance removal of SO2 and use of alkali Chloride injection or high chloride coals improve the performance of the spray dryer Dry FGD Performance An efficiency of 70 to 90 percent removal of SO2 has been achieved with low sulfur coals Preliminary laboratory and large scale testing indicate that similar efficiency of SO2 removal can be achieved with high sulfur coals up to 4 5 percent by weight Dry FGD Commercial Availability The following points describe the commercial conditions under which dry scrubber technology is available today 15 Technology Readiness The technology has been demonstrated and used commercially with low sulfur coals in Europe and in the United States where power plants representing 3 600 MW use spray dryers The performance of spray dryers with high sulfur coals needs to be demonstrated however Specific issues that require further demonstration are the impact of chloride contained in the coal on spray dryer performance and the ability of existing ESPs if downstream from the spray dryer to handle the increased particulate loading and achieve the required efficiency A minimum of 300 to 400 specific collection area SCA is needed depending on the sulfur and chloride content of the coal as well as on particulate emission requirements Cost Effectiveness The capital cost requirements for spray dryers are lower than those for wet scrubbers see table below and spray dryer systems are simpler and easier to operate and maintain Capital Cost Requirements for Spray Dryers Cost Factor Retrofit New Plant Capital costs US kW 140 210 110 165 Variable O 剩下的人被送到垃圾傾倒場 干燥副產(chǎn)物的部份被回收對浪花烘干機提高二氧化硫?qū)A的撤除和用途 氯化物射入或高的氯化物煤炭改進浪花烘干機的表現(xiàn) 干空氣脫硫表現(xiàn) 18 70 到百分之 90 效率二氧化硫撤除達到了與低硫磺煤炭 初步實驗室和大規(guī)模 測試表明 二氧化硫撤除相似的效率可能達到與高硫磺煤炭 百分之 4 5 由重量 干空氣脫硫的商業(yè)可及性 以下觀點描述下干燥洗氣器技術今天是可利用的商業(yè)條件在 1 技術準備 技術商業(yè)被展示了和被使用了與低硫磺煤炭在歐洲和在美國 能源廠代表 3 600 臺兆瓦用途浪花烘干機 浪花烘干機表現(xiàn)與高硫磺煤炭需要被展示 可是 要 求進一步示范的具體問題是氯化物的沖擊包含在煤炭對浪花烘干機表現(xiàn) 并且 現(xiàn)有的 ESPs 的能力 如果順流從浪花烘干機 處理增加的屬于顆粒的裝貨和 達到必需的效率 300 個到 400 個具體匯集區(qū)域極小值 SCA 是需要的 根據(jù) 煤炭的硫磺和氯化物內(nèi)容 并且在微粒排放要求 2 成本實效 浪花烘干機的基建成本要求比那些低為濕洗氣器 參見表下面 并且浪花烘干機 系統(tǒng)更加簡單和更加容易經(jīng)營和維護 浪花烘干機的基建成本要求 Cost Factor Retrofit New Plant Capital costs US kW 140 210 110 165 Variable O M USmills kWh 2 1 3 2 2 1 3 2 Total O M USmills kWh 6 0 9 0 7 4 11 0 注 上述數(shù)據(jù)反射 1990 92 經(jīng)驗 最近經(jīng)驗不存在 費用用 1990 US 被表達 這些費用反射市場條件和設計規(guī)格被使用在經(jīng)濟合作與發(fā)展組織國家 最近成 本估計 1995 1997 的 FGD 系統(tǒng)在經(jīng)濟合作與發(fā)展組織和發(fā)展中國家表明費 用的一般減少 干空氣脫硫為建筑的前置時間 單位儲運損耗 3 個到 6 個星期是需要的連接一臺浪花烘干機在一個現(xiàn)有的能 源廠中 干空氣脫硫適合用于 LDCS 19 浪花烘干機是適當?shù)臑榘l(fā)展中國家 但示范也許是需要的 即 為高灰印第安煤 炭和高硫磺煤炭一般 干空氣脫硫的部署問題 技術的示范和適應也許是需要的為一些煤炭被發(fā)現(xiàn)在發(fā)展中國家 即 印第安和 中國煤炭 總之 需要由多數(shù)發(fā)展中國家論及的部署問題是如下 1 當濕 FDGs 被簡化并且費用被減少 它變得難為干燥 FGDs 競爭根據(jù)成本 效益 二氧化硫 ton 被去除 考慮 2 此外 干燥 FGDs 需要解決技術問題被提及在 技術準備 部分