英語專業(yè)八級寫作.doc

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一． 簡介 1. 題目構(gòu)成 a. 通常用一句或若干句引出寫作話題，然后對寫作任務(wù)進(jìn)行限定，如提出要回答的問題，說明寫作目的，讀者對象等。 b. 提出作文的標(biāo)題，有時會自擬。 c. 對文章結(jié)構(gòu)，評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)或答題方式進(jìn)行說明。 e.g. All of us would agree that in order to be successful in the present-day society, we university students have to possess certain personal qualities that enable us to realize our aims. What do you think is the most important personal quality of a university student? Write a composition of about 400 words on the following topic: The Most Important Personal Quality of A University Student In the first part of your writing you should present your thesis statement, and in the second part you should support the thesis statement with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to natural conclusion or a summary. Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks. Write your composition on Answer Sheet Four. 2. 體裁 說明文和議論文為主，三段式為主。 3. 話題范圍 教育，網(wǎng)絡(luò)，個人品格與成功，個人與整體關(guān)系，學(xué)生經(jīng)商，求職面試，理想追求，經(jīng)濟(jì)地位與友誼，大學(xué)生活等。 a. 收集相關(guān)知識 b. 收集相關(guān)話題的觀點(diǎn) c. 收集相關(guān)話題的論據(jù) d. 收集相關(guān)話題的表達(dá) 二． 評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 1. 思想表達(dá)滿分10分，極差1-2，較差3-4，一般5-6，良好7-8，優(yōu)秀9-10 思想內(nèi)容 內(nèi)容切題 1分 內(nèi)容充實(shí) 1分 觀點(diǎn)明確 1分 論據(jù)支持論點(diǎn) 1分 有獨(dú)到見解 0.5分（額外加） 表達(dá)效果 表達(dá)清晰流暢 0.5分 有說服力 0.5分 篇章組織結(jié)構(gòu) 每段有主題句 1分 句間銜接自然 1分 段間過渡自然 1分 第一部分明確提出觀點(diǎn) 1分 最后一部分自然得出結(jié)論 1分 段落排列自然合理 0.5分（額外加） 2. 語言運(yùn)用能力8分，極差1-2，較差3，一般4-5，良好6-7，優(yōu)秀8 準(zhǔn)確性 語法正確 2分 句子結(jié)構(gòu)正確 1分 固定搭配正確/習(xí)語正確/用詞準(zhǔn)確 1分 豐富性 詞匯豐富 1分 （關(guān)鍵詞用同義詞，近義詞，反義詞替代） 句子形式豐富 1分 （長短結(jié)合，主被動結(jié)合，簡單句和復(fù)合句結(jié)合，最好有虛擬語氣，強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)，修辭句，非謂語動詞） 得體性/語氣恰當(dāng) 1分 語言地道 0.5分 （不要說chinglish，符合英語的思維和表達(dá)習(xí)慣） 流利度 完成規(guī)定字?jǐn)?shù) 0.5分 3．寫作規(guī)范，較差0.5，一般1，良好1.5，優(yōu)秀2. 單詞拼寫正確 0.5分 表達(dá)符號正確 0.5分 大小寫正確 0.5分 書寫美觀/卷面整潔 0.5分 常見錯誤： 三． 寫作步驟 三步走 1. 寫前 a. 讀懂題目，明確題目的范圍和要求 （寫得對） b. 依據(jù)題目的要點(diǎn)，放開思路尋找所有可能有用的想法 （寫得多） c. 在這些想法當(dāng)中找出最合適最合用的部分，組織文章的框架 （寫得好） 2. 寫中 重點(diǎn)解決語言問題，嚴(yán)格按照提綱寫！ a. 關(guān)鍵句和銜接：中心句，主題句，段落之間和句子之間的銜接詞和銜接句 b. 語言豐富程度：詞匯和句式不單調(diào)，多用近義詞或同義詞或反義詞，句式長短結(jié)合，結(jié)構(gòu)豐富。 c. 文體恰當(dāng) 3. 寫后 重點(diǎn)檢查兩個問題： a. 文章的連貫 b. 語言的準(zhǔn)確與恰當(dāng)：語法，拼寫，標(biāo)點(diǎn)，文體錯誤等 四． 結(jié)構(gòu) 1. introduction paragraph (引言段) a. 第一部分：引言句：吸引讀者興趣 b. 第二部分：話題句：引出文章話題 c. 第三部分：中心句：表明寫作目的或觀點(diǎn)或暗示正文結(jié)構(gòu)。 2. body paragraph （論證段、主體段） a. 分論點(diǎn)一 （要點(diǎn)一）：證據(jù)1， 證據(jù)2，證據(jù)3 b. 分論點(diǎn)二 （要點(diǎn)二）：證據(jù)1，證據(jù)2， 證據(jù)3 c. 分論點(diǎn)三 （要點(diǎn)三）：證據(jù)1， 證據(jù)2，證據(jù)3 3. concluding paragraph （結(jié)尾段） a. 總結(jié)文章要點(diǎn) (summary) b. 對該話題作最終評論 (final comment) 以2005年和2002年真題為例： 2005 Interview is frequently used by employers as a means to recruit prospective employees. As a result, there have been many arguments for or against the interview as a selection procedure. What is your opinion? Write an essay of about 400 words to state your view. You should supply an appropriate title for your essay. 2002 All of us would agree that in order to be successful in the present-day society, we university students have to possess certain personal qualities that can enable us to realize our aims. What do you think is the most important personal quality of a university student? Write a composition of about 400 words on the following topic: The Most Important Personal Quality of A University Student 1. 引言段的寫作方法 a. 第一部分：吸引讀者興趣（統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)/設(shè)問/引語） 方法一：統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù) (真實(shí)可信，可以適當(dāng)夸大) Every day millions of job-hunters in the world write letters of application, wishing that they would be given a chance of interview. (2005) Nowadays tens of thousands of university students are graduated from their schools and they all want to be successful in this modern world. (2002) 方法二：設(shè)問（2個以上） Now in our society what do you have to do if you want to find a good job? What lies between you and an ideal job? (下句回答：That is interview. ) 2005 Do you know any university graduate who does not want to succeed in the society? What does it take for a university graduate to succeed in the modern society? 2002 方法三：用引語 “Success comes not only from perspiration and inspiration, but also from satisfactory performance in interviews,” commented Dr. Kenly in his book. (這里最好提眾所周知的人或介紹下此人以示權(quán)威) 2005 According to traditional Chinese thoughts, a talent must be excellent at ability and morality. 2002 b. 第二部分：引出文章話題 （開門見山/收網(wǎng)式/駁論式） 方法一：開門見山 Nowadays interview is becoming more and more important in recruitment. 2005 In the modern society, almost all university students look forward to success. 2002 方法二：收網(wǎng)式(由一個寬泛，讀者認(rèn)同的事實(shí)開始，逐步將讀者的注意力引向文章主題) With the development of market economy in China, more and more companies have come into being. When they need to take up more people, employers usually select through interviews. Similarly, when people need to find a job, they also need to perform well in interviews. Therefore, interview is becoming more and more important in modern society. 2005 One feature of the modern society is the more respect given to individual values. When fighting for personal values and success, students need to catch good opportunities, but they also need to possess some essential personal qualities. 2002 方法三：駁論式 (先說出一個與本文觀點(diǎn)相反但讀者可能會同意的觀點(diǎn)，然后轉(zhuǎn)折指出這個觀點(diǎn)是錯誤的，同時提出自己的觀點(diǎn)，可以短時間給讀者以沖擊，印象深刻) Many of us may agree that China is a society relying heavily on guanxi, or relationship. We may all have the experience of having to resort to certain relationship in order to get something done, to find a good job, for example. / But, with development of market economy, recruitment is conducted more and more on the basis of interview rather than on various personal connections. 2005 As the modern society puts more emphasis on personal difference and personal values, it provides more opportunities for students to seek success. /However, the fact is that not everyone can succeed. Success calls for certain opportunities, but more importantly, calls for many personal qualities. c. 第三部分：表明觀點(diǎn)或?qū)懽髂康?，暗示正文結(jié)構(gòu) （觀點(diǎn)+闡釋） 2005 I believe that interview is very beneficial. (直接但太寬泛) Obviously, interview has been crucial to ensure the quality of employees. (具體但缺乏層次) In my opinion, interview has become very important for both employees and employers. （觀點(diǎn)明確，同時暗示了下文的內(nèi)容將從兩個方面展開） 2002 In my opinion, the most important quality one needs in the modern society is adaptability. I think to succeed in the modern society, one has to have adaptability because of its importance in study, in career, as well as in failures. 2. body paragraph （論證段、主體段） 分論點(diǎn)一 （要點(diǎn)一）：證據(jù)1， 證據(jù)2，證據(jù)3 分論點(diǎn)二 （要點(diǎn)二）：證據(jù)1，證據(jù)2， 證據(jù)3 分論點(diǎn)三 （要點(diǎn)三）：證據(jù)1， 證據(jù)2，證據(jù)3 段落的基本構(gòu)成：主題句+支持句（2-3個）+段落結(jié)尾句（重述本段內(nèi)容） a. 主題句的寫法 （話題加觀點(diǎn)） 2005 Thesis: I believe that interview can be very beneficial. Topic sentences: Interview provides information for both parties involved. Interview offers a broad selection for both interviewers and interviewees. Interview embodies an important principle of the modern society: fairness. Tips: 分論點(diǎn)中不要轉(zhuǎn)化topic, 這樣容易造成文章不連貫，主題不一致 錯誤案例： Thesis: I believe that interview can be very beneficial. Topic sentences: Both parties involved can get crucial information. Both interviewers and interviewees can get a broad selection from interview. An important principle of the modern society, fairness, can be seen in interview. 2002 Thesis: I think to succeed in the modern society, one has to have adaptability because of its importance in study, in career, as well as in failures. Topic sentences: Good adaptability can help one become a successful student. Good adaptability can help one succeed in one’s career. Good adaptability can help one deal with failures successfully. Tips: 正文段落的排序：重要性，涉及話題，時間，空間等 b. 支持句/論據(jù)的寫法 Tips：不跑題；論據(jù)充分 主題句: Lack of sleep has become an epidemic in the nation. 方法一：專家論證 Lack of sleep has become an epidemic in the nation. Dr. David, physiological professor from Harvard University, declared after a nationwide survey, “ I can’t think of a single study that hasn’t found Americans getting less sleep than they ought to. Even people who think they are sleeping enough would be better off with more rest.” 方法二：統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù) Lack of sleep has become an epidemic in the nation. From diary entries and personal accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries, sleep scientists have concluded that the average person used to sleep about 9.5 hours a night. By the 1950s and 1960s, sleep schedule had been reduced dramatically, to between 7.5 and 8 hours, and most people had to wake to an alarm clock. 方法三：例子 Lack of sleep has become an epidemic in the nation. The president, for example, used to admit that he found his job hard to deal with, because, among other things, he could sleep only for four to five hours a day. Besides, many employers complain that their staff cannot work efficiently in the afternoon, as they cannot get enough time for sleep the day before. And the police also reports more traffic accidents because many drivers cannot concentrate due to the lack of sleep. 方法四：個人經(jīng)歷 Lack of sleep has become an epidemic in the nation. When in college, I used to sleep for about nine hours every day, but now I can only sleep for about six hours if I want to finish my job on time. I usually feel tired at work, and sometimes I even forget what I suppose to d. Besides, I find that more than half of my colleagues are sharing my problem. 方法五：邏輯推理 Lack of sleep has become an epidemic in the nation. Nowadays, the step of life has become increasingly fast, and people are expected to shoulder more responsibilities at work. Besides, as social interactions become more convenient and broader, people have to spend more time keeping friends and other acquaints in frequent contact. As they cannot find more time in one day, all they can do is borrow from the time that was previously allocated to sleep. Therefore, it is natural to find that most people in the States are sleeping less. 方法六：常識 Lack of sleep has become an epidemic in the nation. It is well known that many people around us consider sleep the least important item on their lists of if they are faced with heavy pressure from work, family, or friends. The complexity of life forces them to cut down time spent on sleeping. Some other people sleep less for fear that they may be regarded as lacking drive and ambition. 方法七：類比 Lack of sleep has become an epidemic in the nation. We may have found that in spring when trees and bushes come in full blossom, bees usually spend less time in their hive because they have more honey-making jobs to do. Similarly, when people have more work to do, they tend to sleep less, and this has come true for us. 3. concluding paragraph （結(jié)尾段） a..總結(jié)文章要點(diǎn) (summary): 1-2 sentences 方法一： 直接總結(jié)法 2005 Both parties involved can get crucial information. Both interviewers and interviewees can get a broad selection from interview. An important principle of the modern society, fairness, can be seen in interview. Summary 1 : Interview can offer great benefits to the society because it can provide people with important information and selection as well as demonstrating a principle of fairness in the modern society. Summary 2: Interview can offer great benefits to the society. This can be seen not only in the information it can provide, the wide selection it makes possible, but also in the principle of fairness it helps to ensure in the process of recruitment. 2002 Good adaptability can help one become a successful student. Good adaptability can help one succeed in one’s career. Good adaptability can help one deal with failures successfully. Summary: Adaptability is crucial for people in the modern society due to its influence on learning, working as well as dealing with hard situation. 方法二： 首尾呼應(yīng)法 2005 開頭 With the development of market economy in China, more and more companies have come into being. When they need to take up more people, employers usually select through interviews. Similarly, when people need to find a job, they also need to perform well in interviews. Therefore, interview is becoming more and more important in modern society. Summary: Market economy has not only brought about interview but also given it increasing importance. 2002 開頭 Nowadays tens of thousands of university students are graduated from their schools and they all want to be successful in this modern world. Summary: Those tens of thousands college graduates wishing for success don’t have to worry. So long as they learn to adapt themselves, they can study well, work well and deal with failures well, and this can promise them success. 方法三： 讓步法 2005 Admittedly, interview has the shortcomings of relying on first impression and testing oral communication rather than working skills. But it is also undeniable that it is making an increasingly important contribution to the society. 2002 Although knowledge and skills are very important to achieving what one wants in the modern society, personal qualities, especially good adaptability has become essential. b..對該話題作最終評論 (final comment) 方法一：評論重要性 Given its importance to the modern society, it is reasonable to say that interview lays one of the cornerstones for the progress of human society. 方法二：預(yù)測將來的發(fā)展 As interview is becoming more and more important, it is likely that in the near future, better methods will be devised and better regulations will be made to ensure its quality. 方法三：提出警告 It must be realized that at present interview is still not scientific enough. Therefore, if better method cannot be found out, interview cannot really play that important role. 方法四：提出解決問題的方法 To really realize the important roles of interview, employers should invite the help of researchers in the field of psychological assessment to devise better interview methods, and applicants should familiarize themselves with the interview requirements and process it before going to the interviewing place. 五． 銜接 1. 段內(nèi)銜接 方法一：替代 方法二：省略 方法三：詞匯銜接 （同義詞，近義詞，反義詞） 方法四：過渡詞銜接 （重點(diǎn)） Exemplification （舉例） For example… For instance… To illustrate… Such as… One example is … By way of example… Emphasis （強(qiáng)調(diào)） In fact… As a matter of fact… In effect… Sure enough… To be sure… Actually… Especially… Above all… In particular… Most importantly… Most important of all… Cause （原因） The reason for this lies in the fact that… The key reason is … Thanks to… Due to… In virtue of… Owing to… On the ground of Result （結(jié)果） Therefore… Hence… Thus… So… If so… As a result… Consequently… Accordingly… In consequence… Enumeration （列舉） Firstly, …secondly, finally, … In the first place… To begin with… To start with… First of all… Next… Also, After that, Then, Contrast （對比） However,… Nevertheless,… In spite of… On the contrary… In contrast… Comparison （比較） Similarly… Likewise, In the same way.. That is to say… i.e. introduction （引言） In my opinion, To my mind… I think/believe/hold It is my belief that… Generally speaking, In general, … As a rule… Relatively speaking… Strictly speaking… As we all know, As everyone knows… As is well known… No one can deny that… There is enough proof to show that… Recent studies have led the public to the realization that… As can be seen in the table According to the study… Conclusion （結(jié)論） In a word, In short (brief), In summary (conclusion) To conclude (sum up) To draw a conclusion To put it simply, All in all, overall On the whole 2. 段間銜接 a. 引言段與正文段的銜接 b. 正文段的銜接 方法一：正文段段首銜接 方法二：正文段首尾銜接 c. 結(jié)論段的銜接