DZ225多功能手機充電器的研制

DZ225多功能手機充電器的研制,dz225,多功能,手機充電器,研制 摘 要中國是半導(dǎo)體材料生產(chǎn)貿(mào)易大國，其市場規(guī)模居世界第五位。而通訊的快速發(fā)展亦使蓄電池需求增長迅猛。預(yù)計到 2000 年，便攜式電話可達 1800 萬用戶，而小型蓄電池的年增長率可達到 50%，這將為鋰離子蓄電池的發(fā)展開拓廣闊的前景。從電動汽車應(yīng)用方面看，自從離子蓄電池在國外電動汽車行業(yè)掀起熱潮后，國內(nèi)已開始了相近的步伐。毫無疑問。鋰電池將在空間、水下和地面的軍事以及 特殊工業(yè)和民用領(lǐng)域中獲得更加廣泛的應(yīng)用和更加遠大的發(fā)展前景。 近幾年，國內(nèi)節(jié)能電池市場已被洋產(chǎn)品占領(lǐng)，不少人使用的手機電池都是日本、美國進口的。鎳氫、鋰離子電池作為信息時代支柱產(chǎn)業(yè)，節(jié)約能源，減少環(huán)境污染，用途越來越廣泛，需求越來越大。中科院有關(guān)人士稱，鎳氫電池主要生產(chǎn)材料為金屬鎳和稀土金屬，而我國恰好稀土儲量非常豐富，為生產(chǎn)這種節(jié)能電池提供物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)。在我國 863 計劃中，中科院物理所對鋰離子、鎳氫電池開展基礎(chǔ)研究，同時在金融及資本市場上尋找合作伙伴，為科研產(chǎn)業(yè)化、市場化打基礎(chǔ)。單片機系統(tǒng)不僅在一般的工業(yè)應(yīng)用有有著廣泛的用途，在家用電器中也很常用。手機電池的使用壽命和單次循環(huán)使用時間與充電維護過程和使用情況密切相關(guān)。一部好的充電器不但能在短時間內(nèi)將電量充滿，而且還可以對電池能起到一定的維護作用，修復(fù)由于使用不當(dāng)而造成的記憶效應(yīng)，既容量下降（電池活性衰退）現(xiàn)象。關(guān)鍵詞：智能 單片機 充電器 電池Multi-function cellphone chargerAbstractChina is a semiconductor material to produce to trade the big country, its market scale occupies the fifth of world.But the fast development of the telecommunication also make the secondary cell need growth fast fierce.Anticipate till 2000, the portable type telephone, telephony can amount to 18,000,000 consumers, but the growth rate of year of the small scaled secondary cell can attain 50%, this will for the lithium ion secondary cell of development expand the vast foreground.See from the dynamoelectric automobile application aspect, after the ion secondary cell abroad dynamoelectric automobile profession brought about the fever, the domestic has already begun the close by step.Beyond all doubt.The lithium battery will acquire the more extensive application and more great development foregrounds in space, underwater and the military and special industries and public realms of the grounds. In the last few years, the domestic economy energy cell market have already been capture by the ocean product, not a few cellular phone cells of person usage are all the that day is originally, inlet from the United States of.The hydrogen of nickel, the cell of lithium ion is the information to pay the pillar industry for ages, the economy energy, the decrease pollution of the environment, the use is more and more extensive, the need is more and more big.Win relevant personage in the section hospital call that the main production material of the nickel hydrogen cell is the metal nickel and sparse soil metals, but the by luck sparse soil of our country keeps the quantity very abundant, for produce this kind of economy energy the cell provides the foundation of matter.In 863 plans of our country, in the physics of the section hospital open the exhibition foundation research to the lithium ion, the nickel hydrogen cell, at the same time in the finance and capitals on the market the seek cooperates the colleague, turning for the research industry, the market turns to lay the foundation.A machine system not only have the extensive use in the general industry application, at household appliance in also very in common use.The useful life and a circulating usage times and charges of the cellular phone cell support the process and use the circumstance closely related.A good charger not only the ability is filled with quantity of electricity in the in a short time, but also can also can rise the certain function of maintenance to the cell, repair because of use not appropriate but the memory effect that result in, since the capacity droop( the cell activity decline) phenomemon。Keyword: Intelligence Mvcu Cell Charger 壓力和溫度測量壓力和壓力變送器當(dāng)某一力加到某一棉器上，就形成壓力。假如這力是一牛頓（N）均勻的加在一 平方米（m2）的面積上，這壓力就被定義為一帕斯卡（Pa=N/m2） 。壓力是一種普遍的工藝狀態(tài)。他也是這個星球上的一個生活條件：我們生活在向上延伸許多英里的大氣海洋的底部?？諝馕镔|(zhì)是有重量的，而且這種下壓的重量形成大氣壓。水，是生活的必需品，也是在壓力之下提供給我們中的大多數(shù)人，在典型的過程工廠中，壓力影響沸點溫度|、凝固點溫度、過程效率、消耗和其他重要因數(shù)。壓力的測量和控制，或者壓力的不足—真空，在典型的過程中是極為重要的。工廠中的工作儀器是通常包括壓力計，精密記錄儀和指示器，以及氣動和電子壓力變送器。一壓力變送器實現(xiàn)壓力測量并產(chǎn)生正比于所傳感壓力的氣動或電信號輸出。在過程工廠中，將控制儀表遠遠放在過程的附近是不現(xiàn)實的，并且大多數(shù)測量是不容易從遠處傳送過來的。壓力測量是一個例外，但是如果要離測量點幾百英尺外指示或記錄某種危險化學(xué)品的高壓，就會有來自這個壓力和所載的化學(xué)品所引發(fā)的危險。為了消除這一問題，開發(fā)了一種信號傳送系統(tǒng)。這種系統(tǒng)常常是氣動（空氣壓力）或者電動的。使用這種傳送系統(tǒng)，就可以在某一地點安裝大多數(shù)的指示、記錄和控制儀器。這也使最少數(shù)量的操作者有效地運行工廠成為現(xiàn)實。當(dāng)使用氣動傳送系統(tǒng)時，測量信號就由變送器將比例為 0%~100%的測量值轉(zhuǎn)化成氣動信號。變送器安裝在靠近過程中的測量點上。變送器輸出—對氣動變送器是空氣壓力—通過管道傳給記錄或者控制儀表。氣動變送器的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)輸出范圍是 20~100Kpa，這信號幾乎在全球中使用。當(dāng)使用電子壓力變送器時，壓力就被轉(zhuǎn)換成電流或者電壓形成的電信號。其辨證范圍對電流說是 4~20mA DC。對電壓信號是 1~5VDC。當(dāng)今，另一種電信號形成變得越來越常用，就是數(shù)字或者離散信號?；谟嬎銠C或者微處理器的儀器或控制系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)用正推動這類信號的應(yīng)用不斷增加。有時分析獲取描述傳感器/變送器特性的參數(shù)是很重要的。當(dāng)量程已知，去獲得增益就非常簡單。假定電子壓力變送器的量程為 0~600kPa，增益定義為輸出變化除以輸入變化。這里，輸出是電信號（4~200mADC） ，而輸入是過程壓力（KPa） ，這樣增益就為Kr=200mA-4mA=16mA=0.027mA溫度測量溫度測量在工業(yè)控制重是很重要的，因為它作為系統(tǒng)或產(chǎn)品狀態(tài)的指標(biāo)，或者作為如反應(yīng)率、能量流、渦輪機效率和潤滑質(zhì)量等間接指標(biāo)，現(xiàn)行的溫度分度已使用了約 200年，最初的儀器是基于氣體和液體的熱膨脹?，F(xiàn)在盡管有許多其它類型的儀器在使用，這些天充式系統(tǒng)仍常用于直接的溫度測量。有代表性的溫度傳感器包括：填充式熱系統(tǒng)、玻璃液體溫度計、熱電偶、電阻溫度探測器（RTDs） 、熱敏電阻、雙金屬器件、光學(xué)和輻射高溫計和熱敏涂料。電器系統(tǒng)的優(yōu)點包括高的精度和靈敏度，能實現(xiàn)開關(guān)切換或掃描多個測量點，可在測量元件和控制之間長距離傳輸，出現(xiàn)事故時就調(diào)換元件（而不是整個系統(tǒng)） ，快速響應(yīng)，以及具有測量高溫的能力。其中熱電偶和電阻溫度探測器（RTDs）則被最廣泛地使用。熱電偶熱電效應(yīng)是 1821年右貝西克發(fā)現(xiàn)的。一熱電偶基本是由不同的金屬組成，例如鐵和康銅絲。連接起來后，當(dāng)結(jié)點處于不同溫度下時，就產(chǎn)生一個熱電勢。測量端或熱端插到被測量溫度介質(zhì)中。參考端或冷端則通常開口連到測量儀器端。要用熱電偶實現(xiàn)精確的溫度測量，參考端溫度必須保持恒定；如果會變化，必須提供這些變化的適當(dāng)補償。假如參考端溫度的變化沒被補償，就會有相應(yīng)的毫伏電壓變化，結(jié)果會導(dǎo)致溫度測量的誤差。當(dāng)用于實驗室和其他檢查和測試目的時，熱電偶參考端被置于一真空瓶中。這瓶中充滿用水浸透的刨冰，這種方法能完成精密的溫度控制（在小數(shù)度數(shù)內(nèi)）和提供精確的讀數(shù)。為了保證精確讀數(shù)，大多數(shù)熱電偶現(xiàn)在就安裝有帶參考端自動補償?shù)膬x器。大多數(shù)儀器中，他是通過調(diào)節(jié)流過感溫電阻上的電流來實現(xiàn)的，該感溫電阻檢測參考端溫度變化，并利用在其上產(chǎn)生的電壓降自動提供必要的補償電動勢。熱電阻探測器電阻測溫是基于由溫度引起的電導(dǎo)變化，因此，通過建立在電阻與溫度之間的直接關(guān)系，一線圈就能作為一溫度傳感器，并可保證得到精度在 0。1F（或C）之內(nèi)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)曲線。用于實驗室標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的鉑熱電阻探測器能獲得優(yōu)于這一范圍的容限，并可實現(xiàn)低于 1650F或 900度的精密溫度測量。如果熱電阻探測器被調(diào)整到符合這條曲線，就可與根據(jù)同樣曲線標(biāo)定的其他熱電阻探測器相互交換使用。用于熱電阻探測器的最常用電路之一是威斯登電橋。圖 1示出了威斯登電橋的簡單電路圖。熱電阻探測器是一用直流電源驅(qū)動的威斯登電橋的一臂。節(jié)點 A和節(jié)點 B形成放大器的輸入。當(dāng)溫度發(fā)生變化時，熱電阻探測器的電阻發(fā)生變化時，使電橋產(chǎn)生不平衡，并在節(jié)點 A和節(jié)點 B之間產(chǎn)生誤差信號，經(jīng)放大器放大。進行各種電阻溫度測量時，建議使用三根導(dǎo)線的熱電阻探測器電纜。這樣就可降低環(huán)境溫度對電纜的影響。三導(dǎo)線中，其中一根對電橋兩臂是相同的，而其他兩根連在電橋的兩臂上。由于兩橋臂的變化是一樣的，所以電纜上的任何溫度變化都回抵消。實踐中，熱電阻探測器可使用多至 500英尺的三導(dǎo)線電纜，而不會產(chǎn)生任一可察覺的誤差。Pressure & Temperature Measurement pressure and Pressure TransmittersPressure arises when a force is applied over an area. Provided the force is one Newton(N)and uniformly over the area of one square meter(m2),the pressure has been designated one Pascal(Pa=N/m2). Pressure is a universal processing condition. It is also a condition of life on this planet: we live at the bottom of an atmospheric ocean that extends upward for many miles. This mass of air has weight, and this weight pressing downward causes atmospheric pressure. Water, a fundamental necessity of life, is supplied to most of us under pressure. In the typical process plant, pressure influences boiling point temperatures, condensing point temperatures, process efficiency, costs, and other important factors. The measurement and control of pressure, or lack of it-vacuum-in the typical process plant critical.The working instruments in the plant usually include simple pressure gauges, precision recorders and indicators, and pneumatic and electronic pressure transmitters. A pressure transmitter makes a pressure measurement and generates either a pneumatic or electrical signal output that is proportional to the pressure being sensed.In the process plant , it is impractical to local the control instruments out in the place near the process. It is also true that most measurements are not easily transmitted from some remote location. Pressure measurement is an exception ,but if a high pressure of some dangerous chemical is to be indicated or recorded several hundred feet from the point of measurement, a hazard may be from the pressure or from the chemical carried.To eliminate this problem, a signal transmission system was developed. This system is usually either pneumatic (air pressure ) or electrical. Using the transmission system, it will be possible to install most of the indicating, recording, and control instruments in one location. This makes it practical for a minimum number of operation to the plant efficiently.When a pneumatic transmission system is employed, the measurement signal is converted into pneumatic signal by the transmitter scaled from 0 to 100 percent of the measured value. This transmitter is mounted closed to the point of measurement in the process. The transmitter output---air pressure for a pneumatic transmitter---is piped to the recording or control instrument. The standard output range for a pneumatic transmitter is 20 to100kPa, which is a almost universally used.When an electronic pressure transmitter is used, the pressure is converted to electrical signal that may be current or voltage, Its standard range is from 4 to 20mA DC for current signal or from 1to 5V DC for voltage signal. Nowadays, another type of electrical signal, which is becoming common, is the digital or discrete signal. The use of instruments and control systems based on computers or microprocessors is forcing increased use of this type of signal.Sometimes it is important for analysis to obtain the parameters that describe the sensor/transmitter behavior. The gain is fairly simple to obtain once the span is known. Consider an electronic pressure transmitter with a range of 0～600kPa. The gain is defined as the change in output divided by the change in input. In this case, the output is electrical signal (4～20mA DC) and the input is process pressure (0～600kPa). Thus the gain .Kr＝(20mA-4mA)/(600kPa-0kPa)＝16mA/600kPa＝0.027mA/kPaTemperature Measurement Temperature measurement is important in industrial control, as direct indications of system or product state and lubricant quality. Present temperature scales have been in use for about 200 years. The earliest instruments were based on the thermal expansion of gases and liquids. Such filled systems are still employed, although many other types of instruments are available. Representative temperature sensors include: filled thermal detectors (RTD) , thermistors, bimetallic devices, optical and radiation pyrometers and temperature-sensitive paints.Advantages of electrical systems include high accuracy and sensitivity, practicality of switching or scanning several measurement points, larger distance possible between measuring elements and controllers, replacement of components ( rather than complete system ), fast response, and ability to measure higher temperature. Among the electrical temperature sensors, thermocouples and resistance temperature detectors (RTDs) are most widely uded.ThermocouplesThermoelectricity was discovered by Seebeck in 1821. A thermocouple consists basically of tow dissimilar metals, such as iron and xonstantan wires, joined to produce a thermal electro-motive force when the junctions are at different temperature. The measuring, or hot, junction is inserted into the medium where the temperature is to be measured. The reference, or cold, junction is the open end that is normally connected to the measuring instrment terminald. The e. m. f. of a thermocouple increases as the difference in junction temperature increase. Therefore, a sensitive instrument, capable of measuring e. m. f. , can be calibrated and used to read temperature directly.To make accurate temperature measurements with thermocouples, the reference junction temperature must remain constant. If it varies, suitable compensation for these variations must be provided. Should there will be a corresponding change in millivolt with a resultant error in temperature measurement.When used in the laboratory and for other checking purposes, the thermocouple reference junction can be place in a vacuum bottle filled with shave ice saturated with water. This method provides close temperature control ( within a fraction of a degree) and permit accurate reading. To ensure accurate readings, most thermocouples are mow installed with instruments that provide automatic reference junction compensation. In most instruments, this is accomplished by passing current through a temperature-responsive resistor, which measures the variations in reference temperature and automatically provides the necessary compensating e. m. f. by means of the voltage drop produced across it.Resistance Temperature DetectersResistance thermometry is based on the change of electrical conductivity with the temperature. Therefore, a coil of wire can act as a temperature sensor, with a direct relationship established between resistance and temperature. Standard curve are available, with certified accuracy within 0.1 °F or °C. Platinum RTDs used as laboratory standards can be obtained with tolerances well within this limit, and are capable of practice temperature measurement up to 1650°F or 900°C. If a RTD is adjusted to conform to its curve, it may be interchanged with other RTDs calibrated according to the some curve.One of the most popular circuits used with RTDs is Wheatstone bridge. Figure 22.1 圖shows a simplified circuit diagram of Wheatstone bridge. The resistance temperature detector (RTD) is one arm of a Wheatstone bridge excited by a DC power supply. Point A and point B form the input to amplifier. When the temperature changes, the bridge and creates an error signal between points A and B , which is amplified by the amplifier. With all resistance-temperature measurements, the use of three conductor RTD cable is recommended. The effect of ambient temprtature variations on the cable is thereby minimized. One of the conductors is common to both sides of the bridge while the other two connect one to each side of the bridge. Any change in cable temperature will be cancelled as both sides of the bridge are changed a like amount. In practice, a RTD may be used with as much as 500 feet of three-conductor cable without creating a perceptible error. 摘 要中國是半導(dǎo)體材料生產(chǎn)貿(mào)易大國，其市場規(guī)模居世界第五位。而通訊的快速發(fā)展亦使蓄電池需求增長迅猛。預(yù)計到 2000 年，便攜式電話可達 1800 萬用戶，而小型蓄電池的年增長率可達到 50%，這將為鋰離子蓄電池的發(fā)展開拓廣闊的前景。從電動汽車應(yīng)用方面看，自從離子蓄電池在國外電動汽車行業(yè)掀起熱潮后，國內(nèi)已開始了相近的步伐。毫無疑問。鋰電池將在空間、水下和地面的軍事以及 特殊工業(yè)和民用領(lǐng)域中獲得更加廣泛的應(yīng)用和更加遠大的發(fā)展前景。 近幾年，國內(nèi)節(jié)能電池市場已被洋產(chǎn)品占領(lǐng)，不少人使用的手機電池都是日本、美國進口的。鎳氫、鋰離子電池作為信息時代支柱產(chǎn)業(yè)，節(jié)約能源，減少環(huán)境污染，用途越來越廣泛，需求越來越大。中科院有關(guān)人士稱，鎳氫電池主要生產(chǎn)材料為金屬鎳和稀土金屬，而我國恰好稀土儲量非常豐富，為生產(chǎn)這種節(jié)能電池提供物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)。在我國 863 計劃中，中科院物理所對鋰離子、鎳氫電池開展基礎(chǔ)研究，同時在金融及資本市場上尋找合作伙伴，為科研產(chǎn)業(yè)化、市場化打基礎(chǔ)。單片機系統(tǒng)不僅在一般的工業(yè)應(yīng)用有有著廣泛的用途，在家用電器中也很常用。手機電池的使用壽命和單次循環(huán)使用時間與充電維護過程和使用情況密切相關(guān)。一部好的充電器不但能在短時間內(nèi)將電量充滿，而且還可以對電池能起到一定的維護作用，修復(fù)由于使用不當(dāng)而造成的記憶效應(yīng)，既容量下降（電池活性衰退）現(xiàn)象。關(guān)鍵詞：智能 單片機 充電器 電池Multi-function cellphone chargerAbstractChina is a semiconductor material to produce to trade the big country, its market scale occupies the fifth of world.But the fast development of the telecommunication also make the secondary cell need growth fast fierce.Anticipate till 2000, the portable type telephone, telephony can amount to 18,000,000 consumers, but the growth rate of year of the small scaled secondary cell can attain 50%, this will for the lithium ion secondary cell of development expand the vast foreground.See from the dynamoelectric automobile application aspect, after the ion secondary cell abroad dynamoelectric automobile profession brought about the fever, the domestic has already begun the close by step.Beyond all doubt.The lithium battery will acquire the more extensive application and more great development foregrounds in space, underwater and the military and special industries and public realms of the grounds. In the last few years, the domestic economy energy cell market have already been capture by the ocean product, not a few cellular phone cells of person usage are all the that day is originally, inlet from the United States of.The hydrogen of nickel, the cell of lithium ion is the information to pay the pillar industry for ages, the economy energy, the decrease pollution of the environment, the use is more and more extensive, the need is more and more big.Win relevant personage in the section hospital call that the main production material of the nickel hydrogen cell is the metal nickel and sparse soil metals, but the by luck sparse soil of our country keeps the quantity very abundant, for produce this kind of economy energy the cell provides the foundation of matter.In 863 plans of our country, in the physics of the section hospital open the exhibition foundation research to the lithium ion, the nickel hydrogen cell, at the same time in the finance and capitals on the market the seek cooperates the colleague, turning for the research industry, the market turns to lay the foundation.A machine system not only have the extensive use in the general industry application, at household appliance in also very in common use.The useful life and a circulating usage times and charges of the cellular phone cell support the process and use the circumstance closely related.A good charger not only the ability is filled with quantity of electricity in the in a short time, but also can also can rise the certain function of maintenance to the cell, repair because of use not appropriate but the memory effect that result in, since the capacity droop( the cell activity decline) phenomemon。Keyword: Intelligence Mvcu Cell Charger