小型蔬菜播種機設計【三維PROE模型】
小型蔬菜播種機設計【三維PROE模型】,三維PROE模型,小型,蔬菜,播種機,設計,三維,PROE,模型
CONTENTSLOREM IPSUM DOLOR01小型蔬菜播種機的設計答 辯 人：專業(yè)年級：學 號：指導老師：本論文主要設計內(nèi)容是對小型蔬菜播種機整體結構的設計，包括機架、開溝器、種箱、排種輪、覆土器、鎮(zhèn)壓輪的設計。主要設計參數(shù)如下：1）行數(shù)：12行（可調(diào)）2）行距（mm）：100300（可調(diào)）3）開溝深度（mm）：2060（可調(diào)）4）株距（mm）：100500（可調(diào)）小型蔬菜播種機的結構框架小型蔬菜播種機的結構框架LOREM IPSUM DOLOR播種機的傳動方案的設計播種機排種器的設計播種機排種器的設計本設計采用窩眼輪式排種器特點：特點：窩眼輪上的型孔大小可根據(jù)所播作物種子形狀、大小、每穴要求粒數(shù)設計，有單排型孔、雙排型孔，也可以設計成組合式排種輪，以滿足多種作物的點播、穴播或條播，通用性較好。另外該排種器的傳動也比較簡單。但是充種性能較差，適用于低速播種。播種機開溝器的設計開開溝溝器器移動式移動式轉動式轉動式銳角式銳角式鈍角式鈍角式雙圓盤雙圓盤變深式變深式單圓盤單圓盤滑刀式開溝器滑刀式開溝器鋤鏟式開溝器鋤鏟式開溝器芯鏵式開溝器芯鏵式開溝器本設計采用芯鏵式開溝器 工作時先由芯鏵入土開溝，兩個側板將土壤擋在兩邊，種子由輸種管經(jīng)散種板落于溝底，然后土壤由側板后部落回溝內(nèi)蓋種。主要參數(shù)有：開溝寬度B、高度h、入土角、切土角2。一般B=1218cm、h=814cm（h應大于最大開溝深度）、=1525、2=6075 阻力：R=200800N/個。芯鏵曲面為圓錐面，曲面形狀應保證土壤側向推移、防止壅土。其溝底平整，苗幅寬。芯芯 鏵鏵 式式 開開 溝溝 器器1.芯鏵芯鏵 2.側板側板 3.分種分種器器 4.輸種管輸種管 5.開溝器柄開溝器柄芯鏵式開溝器本設計采用的開溝器參數(shù)本設計采用的開溝器參數(shù)本次設計開溝深度可調(diào)。深度調(diào)節(jié)范圍為20mm-60mm。設計參數(shù)：開溝寬度B=100mm、高度h=80mm、入土角=25、切土角2=60。阻力約為200N。播種機地輪的設計播種機地輪的設計本設計采用雙地輪設計。地輪為鑄件，為了增加與地面之間的摩擦和節(jié)約動力，在輪子周邊焊接小塊鐵板。播種機覆土器的設計播種機覆土器的設計種子落入溝底，開溝器將一層較淺的回土覆蓋種子，尚需用覆土器進行覆土，使其達到一定的覆蓋深度。對覆土器的要求是先覆以細濕土，而且覆土均勻，不影響種子分布均勻性。為了使覆土器能保持與地面的一直接觸，本設計采用彈簧壓緊。使得該為了使覆土器能保持與地面的一直接觸，本設計采用彈簧壓緊。使得該覆土器能適應不平整的地面覆土器能適應不平整的地面。播種機種箱的設計播種機種箱的設計本設計種箱采用上下兩部分對接。兩部分用螺栓連接在一起。該設計方便更換排種器，方便調(diào)節(jié)行距。播種機鎮(zhèn)壓輪的設計(a)(b)(c)(a)(b)(c)a)a)圓柱形鎮(zhèn)壓輪圓柱形鎮(zhèn)壓輪 b)b)凹面鎮(zhèn)壓輪凹面鎮(zhèn)壓輪 c)c)圓錐組合鎮(zhèn)壓輪圓錐組合鎮(zhèn)壓輪鎮(zhèn)壓輪的結構類型本設計采用圓柱形鎮(zhèn)壓輪，該鎮(zhèn)壓輪由薄鋼板制成。有光面圓柱形和網(wǎng)面圓柱形兩種，本設計采用網(wǎng)面圓柱形鎮(zhèn)壓輪，其鎮(zhèn)壓輪面較寬，壓力分布均勻。適用蔬菜播種和寬苗幅壟播的播種機。本設計鎮(zhèn)壓輪采用焊接方式加工，這樣既節(jié)省了材料又減輕了播種機的重量。播種器機架的設計播種器機架的設計本設計機架采用空心矩形鋼管焊接而成，這樣既減輕了播種機的重量，又能使播種機有穩(wěn)定的結構。播種機行距、開溝深度的調(diào)節(jié)播種機行距、開溝深度的調(diào)節(jié)播種機設計成行距、深度可以調(diào)節(jié)。該功能的實現(xiàn)依靠固定開溝器的套筒，該套筒可以在機架上調(diào)整，當調(diào)整到適當位置后用螺栓固定，從而調(diào)節(jié)行距。開溝器可以在套筒里面上下移動，當移動到合適位置用螺栓固定，從而調(diào)整開溝深度。播種器株距的調(diào)節(jié)播種器株距的調(diào)節(jié)播種機調(diào)節(jié)株距的方式有2種：1、更換排種器2、改變傳動比在播種機行進速度和排種盤不變的情況下，改變地輪與排種盤之間的傳動比i，通過增減排種盤轉速的方式來滿足不同穴距的種植要求。nt，nt，但變更傳動比的前提條件是，圓盤的線速度必須在該排種器規(guī)定的極限速度以內(nèi)。LOREM IPSUM DOLORLorem ipsum dolor sit amet,consectetur adipisicing elit.Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,consectetur adipisicing elit.Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,consectetur adipisicing elit.Lorem ips
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畢業(yè)設計(論文)題目： 小型蔬菜播種機的設計
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題 目： 小型蔬菜播種機的設計
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設計(論文)題目： 小型蔬菜播種機的設計
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1．結合畢業(yè)設計（論文）課題情況，根據(jù)所查閱的文獻資料，每人撰寫
1500字左右的文獻綜述（包括研究進展，選題依據(jù)、目的、意義）
文 獻 綜 述
我國的播種機市場以傳統(tǒng)的谷物條播機為主，與小型拖拉機配套的播種機及畜力播種機目前仍占主導地位。全國眾多生產(chǎn)播種機企業(yè)中，其中只有10家生產(chǎn)與大中型拖拉機配套的播種機，與小拖配套的播種機和畜力播種機的產(chǎn)量已占到全國播種機產(chǎn)量的90%以上。
最近幾年，我國的聯(lián)合作業(yè)播種機的市場也發(fā)展的較快，其播種機機具主要有播種----拖肥聯(lián)合作業(yè)機、耕作----播種聯(lián)合作業(yè)機，松土—施肥—覆膜—穴播聯(lián)合作業(yè)機和施水—播種聯(lián)合作業(yè)機等，目前又發(fā)展了鋪膜播種聯(lián)合作業(yè)機。另外，精少量播種機具推廣勢頭強勁，小麥精少量播種機和中耕作物精密播種機推廣應用迅速。
目前國外精密播種機市場已達到相當完善的程度，在精密播種機上除了設有完善的整地、覆土、鎮(zhèn)壓及施肥、灑農(nóng)藥裝置外，其排種裝置多采用新的工作原理，包括各種氣力式排種原理與機械式排種原理，以保證單粒精密播種。
我國從80年代末便開始研制精密播種機械。其中較早的代表機型主要有2BY-24壓輪式谷物播種機，2BQ-6氣吸式精密播種機等。由于種子質(zhì)量、整地條件、機械制造水平及機器價格等因素制約，我國80年代主要是推廣半精量播種。為適應農(nóng)村生產(chǎn)責任制的要求，大量推廣了小型單體播種機。90年代以來，我國逐步推廣精密播種機。精密播種機以作物種類分為玉米及大豆精密播種機、谷物（小麥）精密播種機、甜菜精密播種機；以配套動力分為小型、中型和大型播種機精密播種機；以排種器形式分為機械式和氣力式兩大類精密播種機；機械式中又可分為垂直圓盤式、垂直窩眼式、錐盤式、紋盤式、水平圓盤式、帶夾式等形式精密播種機。
隨著農(nóng)業(yè)結構調(diào)整的不斷推進，各地的溫室大棚也越建越多，大棚耕作機械成了農(nóng)戶耕作的急需品。但國內(nèi)現(xiàn)有的大棚耕作機械顯現(xiàn)出機型不多、應用不方便的特點，且多為借用現(xiàn)有的露地用小型耕作機械。
近幾年針對溫室、大棚等特殊耕作環(huán)境，國內(nèi)農(nóng)機生產(chǎn)廠家研制生產(chǎn)了一些小型耕作機械。但產(chǎn)品大多存在體積大、操作不靈便、在邊角地帶無法工作、漏耕嚴重、生產(chǎn)效率低、適應性較差等缺陷，在作業(yè)性能、可靠性和耐久性等方面也都存在一些問題。
相比之下，國外設施農(nóng)業(yè)耕作機械技術非常成熟，其機械作業(yè)性能穩(wěn)定、功能齊全、小巧輕便，但進口機型價格高，一般每臺在7000元以上，而且配件不全，維修服務跟不上。我國生產(chǎn)的多功能農(nóng)田管理機一般比國外的同類機型價格低一半，但其質(zhì)量往往又讓消費者擔心。
此次選題就為針對蔬菜大棚的播種問題，設計一臺小型蔬菜播種機用來在大棚進行播種，減輕農(nóng)民負擔，采用人力驅(qū)動或者電力驅(qū)動，相比內(nèi)燃機驅(qū)動，優(yōu)點在于不會對大棚內(nèi)的蔬菜有污染。
2．本課題要研究或解決的問題和擬采用的研究手段（途徑）：
研究內(nèi)容：
1)了解目前國際國內(nèi)蔬菜播種機的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀。
2)根據(jù)具體的設計要求，確定蔬菜播種機的總體結構，確定合理方案；
3)繪制播種機總裝圖，零件圖 ，編寫設計說明書。
研究手段：
設計采用型孔式的排種器，配合導種管、輸種管、開溝器、覆土器和鎮(zhèn)壓器等組成，來實現(xiàn)播種機的一次性播種過程，來完成播種機的從開溝---播種---壓種---覆土的全過程。
通過一些技術的相關要求和部件的校核計算來選取相應的部件，主要采用型孔式的排種器，配合導種管、輸種管、開溝器、覆土器和鎮(zhèn)壓器等組成，來實現(xiàn)播種機的一次性播種過程，完成播種機的從開溝 ---播種---壓種---覆土的全過程。
本設計蔬菜大棚內(nèi)可用，而且結構輕巧，易于使用和攜帶。
播種機主要結構：
1、 機架。
2、 覆土器。
3、 鎮(zhèn)壓輪。
4、 限深輪。
5、 種箱。
6、 排種輪。
7、 排種器。
8、 傳動鏈輪。
9、 排種管。
10、開溝器。
本設計在機架上留有電動機的位置，當人力不夠時，可借助小型電動機的動力進行播種。
本設計準備使用PRO/E軟件完成模具設計，及時發(fā)現(xiàn)錯誤。最后完成二維工程三視圖，并進行動畫模擬。
指導教師意見：
1．對“文獻綜述”的評語：
2．對本課題的深度、廣度及工作量的意見和對設計（論文）結果的預測：
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年 月 日
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設計課題: 小型蔬菜播種機的設計
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內(nèi)裝：
1.設計說明書及附件 1本
2.畢業(yè)設計圖紙 1本
3.評分表 1份
4.答辯記錄表 1份
畢業(yè)設計(論文)實習報告
學生姓名： 學 號：
學 院： 機電工程學院
專 業(yè)： 機械設計制造及自動化
設計(論文)題目： 小型蔬菜播種機的設計
指導教師：
年 月 日
一、實習目的
畢業(yè)實習是工科本科學生的一個很重要的實踐性教學環(huán)節(jié)。其任務是根據(jù)機械設計制造及其自動化專業(yè)的培養(yǎng)目標，組織學生參觀相關的機械企業(yè)或部門，培養(yǎng)學生重視實踐、增強理論聯(lián)系實際的觀念，深入調(diào)查研究、拓寬視野、增強面向人才市場、服務于社會的觀念。
我們這半學期的主要任務就是進行畢業(yè)設計，把我們大學四年所學到的機械知識理論聯(lián)系現(xiàn)實生產(chǎn)需求進行綜合應用。這樣即可以進一步鞏固所學的理論知識，又對即將走向的工作崗位作一次實戰(zhàn)性的演習。因此這次畢業(yè)設計對于我們這些即將走向工作崗位的大四的畢業(yè)生來說是很重要的。為了給畢業(yè)設計做一個良好的鋪墊，畢業(yè)實習便成了一個不可缺少的環(huán)節(jié)。
二、實習時間：2012.03.10
三、實習地點：農(nóng)機配送站
四、實習內(nèi)容
在老師的帶領之下，我們來到了農(nóng)機配送站，我們此行的目的是參觀跟我們設計題目有關的播種機，由于與我們的設計課題有關，所以我們看的很仔細。我看到了的播種機的大概結構是：它主要由拖拉機等機械帶動，在播種機上的驅(qū)動輪的動力下驅(qū)動，由驅(qū)動輪驅(qū)動，然后在驅(qū)動軸帶動下由一組鏈條帶動它的另一根軸，這根軸上裝有一邊開槽的圓盤，它的主要目的是實行穴播，根掘軸的轉速配合播種穴距即可設計出滿足要求的圓盤開槽的位置及其大小。然后它還設有一個專門用來施肥的斗，它的軸在驅(qū)動軸的帶動下進行旋轉，然后斗中的化肥便可以施到地早。然后還看到它裝有鎮(zhèn)壓輪，是用來對播種到土壤里的種子進行覆土鎮(zhèn)壓的。我們還細心注意到它在開溝器的正上方有一個可以轉動的裝置，在問過師傅之后我們了解到它是用來防止雜草等物的附著，從而減少行進中的阻力，大大提高了工作效率。我還注意到一個小細節(jié)，就是他有一部分裝置在我們看來好像沒什么用，問過師傅以后才知道那是用來調(diào)節(jié)驅(qū)動輪的高低的，通過調(diào)節(jié)它的高低從而調(diào)節(jié)驅(qū)動力的大小以適應各種土壤的作業(yè)。我還看到播種機上的傳動裝置所用到的齒輪都是塑料齒輪，想來也是，農(nóng)業(yè)機械作業(yè)強度不大，用塑料齒輪強度足夠，這樣既節(jié)省材料又節(jié)約了成本，想必也是機械的發(fā)展趨勢。我所設計的題目是電動小型播種機，我的課題動力裝置是電動的，所以跟這次參觀的還有所不同，我的想法是用電動機作為驅(qū)動裝置，然后由它驅(qū)動驅(qū)動軸轉動，然后其余工作裝置跟這次參觀的應該大致相同，然后再就是對一些方面進行改進，以利于操作。以電力為動力既經(jīng)濟又環(huán)保，而且在很大程度上提高了作業(yè)效率。
五、實習結果
參觀完畢以后，我對我的課題小型蔬菜播種機有了較為深刻的了解，對于它的結構、工作原理以及各零部件的結構、作用也有了一些認識。但是如果開始做設計的話我感覺手頭資料還是有些不足，而且我對國內(nèi)外播種機的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀了解的不是很多，于是我在空閑之余利用網(wǎng)絡資源在網(wǎng)上查找了一些與播種機相關的資料，在查過資料之后我了解到播種機的類型按播種方法，可分為以下幾種：
①撒播機。使撒出的種子在播種地塊上均勻分布的播種機。常用的機型為離心式撒播機，附裝在農(nóng)用運輸車后部。撒播裝置也可安裝在農(nóng)用飛機上使用。
②條播機。主要用于谷物、蔬菜、牧草等小粒種子的播種作業(yè)。常用的有谷物條播機，作業(yè)時，由行走輪帶動排種輪旋轉，種子按要求由種子箱排入輸種管并經(jīng)開溝器落入溝槽內(nèi)，然后由覆七鎮(zhèn)壓裝置將種子覆蓋壓實
③穴播機。按一定行距和穴距，將種子成穴播種的種植機械。每穴可播1?；驍?shù)粒種子，分別稱單粒精播或多粒穴播，主要用于玉米、棉花、甜菜、向同葵、豆類等中耕作物，又稱中耕作物播種機。每個播種機單體可完成開溝、排種、覆土、鎮(zhèn)壓等整個作業(yè)過程。
④精密播種機。以精確的播種量、株行距和深度進行作業(yè)的播種機。具有節(jié)省種子、免除出苗后的問苗作業(yè)、苗距整齊的優(yōu)點。一般在穴播機各類排種器的基礎上改進而成。也有事先將單粒種子按一定間距固定的紙帶播種，或使種子垂直回轉運動的環(huán)形橡膠或塑料制種帶孔排入種溝。
⑤聯(lián)合作業(yè)機和免耕播種機。如在谷物條播機上加設肥料箱、排肥裝置，即可在播種的同時施肥。免耕播種機是在前茬作物收獲后直接開出種溝播種，以防止水土流失、節(jié)省能源，降低作物成本。
我們組由于每個人的設計題目不同，所以在這次實習時不僅看到了與我的設計有關的播種機，而且還和其他同學一起觀看了關于數(shù)控切割機、鋁壺上底機等設備，擴大了我的視野。通過這次實習，再結合前一段時間查閱的大量資料，給我的設計也帶來了許多靈感。經(jīng)過查閱資料和深入工廠實習，自己深深地體會到要想搞好設計，就要耐心仔細地查找與設計相關的資料和信息，它要包括設計產(chǎn)品的基本功能、主要結構、應用特點及其發(fā)展前途，市場效益等。除此之外，我們還要對各種零部件型號的選擇，從實用性和經(jīng)濟性等方面進行深入的了解，全面的考慮。只有這樣，才能為自己以后較快的融入社會工作之中，少走彎路，少犯錯誤打下一個較好的基礎。
我設計的是穴播機，在上網(wǎng)查到一些資料以后，再結合我自己所參觀學習到的內(nèi)容，充分利用現(xiàn)有成熟的設計部分，以便節(jié)約設計時間和提高產(chǎn)品的可靠性與經(jīng)濟性。通過這次實習我收集了大量的實用資料，為正式的設計做好了充分的準備。
六、實習總結及體會
由于我們這一組每個人的設計題目都不相同，在設計過程中肯定會出現(xiàn)一些靠個人力量很難解決的問題，為了我們大家在將來的設計中能互相幫助，發(fā)揮團隊精神，大家通力合作，順利完成設計，同時也為了我們能學到更多專業(yè)性知識，增強我們的專業(yè)技能，開闊我們的眼界。相信在萬斌老師以及其它同學的幫助下，我肯定能增長不少知識，從而為做好這次設計給予很大的幫助。
通過這次實習一方面鞏固了我們原有的書本上的理論知識并為我們以后將要學習到的更多專業(yè)知識奠定了良好的基礎，另一方面使我們能夠掌握要領，并做到舉一反三，培養(yǎng)自己分析和解決生產(chǎn)實際問題的能力，提前進入未來將要從事的工作角色。
實習雖然結束了，但通過實習使我們獲得基本生產(chǎn)的感性知識，理論聯(lián)系實際，擴大我們的知識面；同時也鍛煉和培養(yǎng)我們業(yè)務能力及素質(zhì)，培養(yǎng)我們具有吃苦耐勞的精神，也是我們接觸社會、了解企業(yè)的一個絕好的機會。我們掌握了工程機械設計的基本流程、各種參數(shù)的選擇、各種影響因素產(chǎn)生的特點，從而使我們從容的面對以后的設計和我們即將踏入的工作崗位。
第 3 頁
畢業(yè)設計(論文)翻譯
學生姓名： 學 號：
學 院： 機電工程學院
專 業(yè)： 機械設計制造及自動化
設計(論文)題目： 小型蔬菜播種機的設計
指導教師：
年 月 日
Mathematical Modelling of Vacuum Pressure on a Precision Seeder
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to determine the optimum vacuum pressure of a precision vacuum seeder and to develop mathematical models by using some physical properties of seeds such as one thousand kernel mass, projected area, sphericity and kernel density. Maize, cotton, soya bean, watermelon, melon, cucumber, sugarbeet and onion seeds were used in laboratory tests. One thousand kernel mass, projected area, sphericity and kernel density of seeds varied from 4.3 to 372.5?g, 5–77?mm2, 38.4–85.8% and 440–1310?kg?m?3, respectively. The optimum vacuum pressure was determined as 4.0?kPa for maize I and II; 3.0?kPa for cotton, soya bean and watermelon I; 2.5?kPa for watermelon II, melon and cucumber; 2.0?kPa for sugarbeet; and 1.5?kPa for onion seeds.
The vacuum pressure was predicted by mathematical models. According to the results, the final model could satisfactorily describe the vacuum pressure of the precision vacuum seeder with a chi-square of 2.51×10?3, root mean square error of 2.74×10?2 and modelling efficiency of 0.99.
Nomenclature
Nomenclature
a, b, c, d, e regression coefficients
Em modelling efficiency
Erms root mean square error
kexp experimental vacuum pressure, kPa
kexp, mean mean value of experimental vacuum pressure, kPa
kpre predicted vacuum pressure, kPa
L length, mm
m1000 one thousand kernel mass, g
N number of observation
n number of constants in the model
P projected area, mm2
Pv vacuum pressure, kPa
p probability
R2 coefficient of determination
T thickness, mm
W width, mm
φ sphericity, %
χ2 chi-square
ρk kernel density, kg?m?3
Article Outline
Nomenclature
1. Introduction
2. Literature review
3. Materials and methods
4. Results and discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
1. Introduction
Precision sowing has been a major thrust of agricultural engineering research for many years; however, most of the research and development work has dealt with seeders for agronomic crops.
The main purpose of sowing is to place the seed to a certain space and a depth in the seedbed. Precision seeders place seeds at the required spacing and provide a better growing area per seed. There are two common types of precision seeders: belt and vacuum. Precision vacuum seeders have a metering plate with metering holes on a predetermined radius. A vacuum is applied to these metering holes by means of a race machined in a backing plate. As the plate rotates, the vacuum applied to the metering holes enables them to pick up seeds from the seed hopper. Precision vacuum seeders have the following advantages over the mechanical seeders: better working quality, more precise seed rates with lower rate of seed damage, better control and adjustment of upkeep and drift of seeds, and broader spectrum of applicability (Soos et al., 1989).
A seeder should place a seed in an environment in which the seed will reliably germinate and emerge. A number of factors affect the spacing of plants. The seed selection mechanism may fail to select or drop a seed resulting in large spacing between seeds. The mechanism may select and drop multiple seeds resulting in small spacings between seeds. Seed quality, soil conditions, seeder design and the skill of the operator all play a part in determining the final plant stand.
The physical properties of seeds are essential for the design of equipment for handling, processing, storing and sowing the kernels. Various types of cleaning, grading, separation and sowing equipment are designed on the basis of the physical properties of seeds. However, no model has been found to describe seeder parameters such as vacuum pressure related with physical properties of seeds.
The physical properties of the seeds are the most important factors in determining the optimum vacuum pressure of the precision vacuum seeder. In this study, using some of these, e.g. one thousand kernel mass, projected area, sphericity and kernel density, mathematical models were developed to predict optimum vacuum pressure. The experimental values of vacuum pressure were determined from laboratory test procedure.
2. Materials and methods
The laboratory test procedure involved testing the metering uniformity of the seeder at the different vacuum pressure with the different seeds: two different maize varieties (maize I and maize II), cotton, soya bean, two different watermelon varieties (watermelon I and watermelon II), melon, cucumber, sugarbeet and onion. These seeds represent several seed shapes varying from spherical (soya bean, maize II) to flat and elongated (maize I, melon, watermelon, cucumber). Two different varieties of maize and watermelon seeds were selected, because of the more diverse range of one thousand kernel mass, projected area, sphericity or kernel density than other seeds. All seeds used in this research were uncoated seed. The main dimensions of the seeds are given in Table 1. The seeder was set to space the seeds as closely to the recommended spacing as possible.
Table 1. Means and standard errors of the seed dimensions
A grease belt test stand was used to determine sowing uniformity of each seed at the different vacuum pressures. This particular test stand had a 150?mm wide belt with a 7·5?m long horizontal viewing surface. A seeder row unit was mounted on a greased belt test stand which utilised an adjustable speed drive mechanism to operate the seed metering devices at a known constant speed. Sufficient oil was added to the top surface of belt to capture the seed as it was released from seeder unit without rolling or bouncing of seed on the belt surface. A wide variety of measures were used to qualify seeder performance with regard to plant spacing (Brooks & Church, 1987; Karayel & ?zmerzi, 2001; Jasa & Dickey, 1982). Some tests used performance measures involving distance between plants in the field. Other tests used performance measures involving distance between seeds on grease belt test stand or by opto-electronic sensor system ( Bracy et al., 1998; Smith et al., 1991; Lan et al., 1999). A few tests used performance measures involving distance between seeds sown into soil ( Panning, 1997).
A precision vacuum seeder unit was operated in all treatments (Fig. 1). The seeder unit was a general purpose seeder designed for row crops such as maize and soya beans. Three different vacuum plates with different hole diameters were used in the metering mechanism. The diameter of vacuum plates were 230?mm. The holes were drilled along a 200?mm diameter pitch circle. The holes of the vacuum plate were 3·5?mm in diameter for maize I, II, soya bean and cotton; 2·5?mm in diameter for watermelon I, II, melon, and cucumber and 1·5?mm in diameter for sugarbeet and onion. The seed plate operated in a vertical plane. Air suction from the holes of the seed plate caused the seed to stick to the holes. The stuck seed was released from the rotating plate by temporarily preventing airflow. The absence of suction allowed the seed to be dropped into soil. It had no seed tube and the seed fall height (12?mm) of the seeder was kept low in order to reduce the chance of non-uniform spacing which can occur due to the bouncing of seed, if dropped from high plane. The vacuum level was regulated by adjusting the size of an opening in the vacuum line of seeder and measured with a manometer.
Fig. 1. The metering mechanism of the precision vacuum seeder: 1, vacuum plate; 2, seed; 3, seed box; 4, air suction canal; 5, air cut; 6, furrow opener
The seeder was operated over the greased belt at a ground speed of 1?m?s?1 and adjusted to four vacuum pressures 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0?kPa for maize I, II, soya bean and cotton; 2.0, 2.5， 3.0 and 3.5?kPa for melon, watermelon I, II and cucumber; 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5?kPa for sugarbeet and onion seeds. Seed spacings were measured over a distance of 7?m. The seeder was adjusted to deliver a nominal seed spacing of 230?mm for maize I and II, 170?mm for cotton, 105?mm for soya bean, 550?mm for watermelon I, II, melon and cucumber, 150?mm for sugarbeet and 85?mm for onion.
The sowing uniformity was analysed using the methods as described by Kachman and Smith (1995). The multiple index is the percentage of spacings that are less than or equal to half of the theoretical spacing and indicates the percentage of multiple seed drops. The miss index is the percentage of spacings greater than 1.5 times the theoretical spacing and indicates the percentage of missed seed locations or ‘skips’. Quality of feed index is the percentage of spacings that are more than half but no more than 1.5 times the theoretical spacing. Quality of feed index is 100% minus miss and multiple index and indicates the percentages of single seed drops. Preciseness is the coefficient of variation of the spacings that are classified as singles after omitting the outliers consisting of misses and multiples.
Kachman and Smith (1995) recommended using miss index, multiple index, quality of feed index and preciseness for summarising the uniformity of seeder metering rather than mean or sample coefficient of variation. They concluded that several measures were needed to give a true picture of seeder uniformity. For this study, miss index, multiple index, quality of feed index and preciseness are reported.
Various physical properties of seeds including kernel density, projected area, sphericity and one thousand kernel mass are the most important factors in determining the optimum vacuum pressure of the precision vacuum seeder (Barut, 1996). The physical properties of the seeds were determined by the following methods:
Linear dimensions, i.e. length, thickness and width were measured by using a vernier caliper with a sensitivity of 0.01?mm. Sphericity φ were calculated by using the following equation (Mohsenin, 1970):
(1)
where: L is the length; W is the width; and T is the thickness in mm.
One thousand kernel mass was measured by an electronic balance with a sensitivity of 0.001?g.
Kernel density was measured by the liquid displacement method. Toluene (C7H8) was used rather than water because it was not absorbed by fruits (Mohsenin, 1970; ?g?t, 1998).
Projected area was determined by using a digital camera (Kodak DC 5000) and Sigma Scan Pro 5 program.
For the estimation of the vacuum pressure, in relation to kernel density, projected area, sphericity and one thousand kernel mass, mathematical models were developed. The suitability of the final model was compared and evaluated using chi-square, root mean square error and modelling efficiency. Chi-square χ2, root mean square error Erms and modelling efficiency Em were calculated as follows:
(2)
(3)
(4)
where: kexp is the experimental vacuum pressure in kPa; kexp,mean is the mean value of experimental vacuum pressure in kPa; kpre is the predicted vacuum pressure in kPa; N is the number of observations; and n is the number of constants in the model.
Reduced chi-square is the mean square of the deviations between the experimental and calculated values for the models and, is used to determine the goodness of the fit. The lower values of the reduced chi-square, the better the goodness of the fit. The root mean square error shows the deviations between the calculated and experimental values and it requires to reach zero. The modelling efficiency also shows the ability of the model and its highest value is 1 (Yaldiz et al., 2001; Ertekin & Yaldiz, 2004).
Each experiment was arranged as a randomised complete block (Neter et al., 1990) and replicated five times. An analysis of variance method was applied to analyse data sets using a statistical software package SAS. Duncan's multiple-range tests were used to identify significantly different means within dependent variables.
3. Results and discussion
The effect of vacuum pressure on sowing uniformity of the vacuum seeder was analysed relating to the multiple index, miss index, quality of feed index and preciseness. Multiple index, miss index and quality of feed index were combined for analysis of variance to determine the significant difference in the variability among the parameters. The results of this analysis are given in Table 2, Table 3 and Table 4. All measurement of sowing uniformity of the vacuum seeder were affected by vacuum pressure.
Table 2. The sowing uniformity of the vacuum seeder with maize I and II, cotton and soya bean seeds for different vacuum pressure
Note: Means within a group followed by same letter are not significantly different at probability p=0·05, by Duncan's multiple range test.
Table 3. The sowing uniformity of the vacuum seeder with watermelon I and II, melon and cucumber seeds for different vacuum pressure
Note: Means within a group followed by same letter are not significantly different at probability p=0·05, by Duncan's multiple range test.
Table 4. The sowing uniformity of the vacuum seeder with sugarbeet and onion seeds for different vacuum pressure
Note: Means within a group followed by same letter are not significantly different at probability p=0.05, by Duncan's multiple range test.
The optimum vacuum pressure was determined for each seed according to quality of feed index and preciseness. As can be seen from laboratory study results in Table 2, Table 3 and Table 4, the highest seed spacing uniformities (quality of feed index) and the lowest preciseness values were obtained at the vacuum pressure of 4.0?kPa for maize I and II; 3.0?kPa for cotton, soya bean and watermelon I; 2.5?kPa for watermelon II, melon and cucumber; 2.0?kPa for sugarbeet and 1.5?kPa for onion seeds. The most uniform sowing uniformity was obtained with soya bean seeds at any vacuum pressures. Uniform, spherical seeds such as soya bean and maize II were easy to meter with the vacuum metering system.
The miss index decreased and the multiple index increased with increasing vacuum pressure for all seeds. Multiple seed drops were more common than misses for watermelon I and II, melon, cucumber, onion and sugarbeet seeds. Few ‘skips’ or multiple drops occur at any vacuum pressure for maize I and II, cotton and soya bean seeds.
Loss of uniformity of the vacuum seeder was probably a combination of several factors. The results support reports from Barut (1996) who found that the pattern efficiency of the vacuum plate differed most at lower or higher vacuum pressures and faster wheel speeds. In this research, preciseness and quality of feed index of the vacuum seeder were poorer at the lower and higher vacuum pressures than optimum vacuum pressure.
One thousand kernel mass, projected area, sphericity and kernel density of seeds are given in Table 5. One thousand kernel mass, projected area, sphericity and kernel density of seeds varied from 4.3 to 372.5?g, 5–77?mm2, 38.4–85.8% and 440–1310?kg?m?3, respectively.
Table 5. Means and standard errors of the seed dimensions
The relationship between one thousand kernel mass, projected area, sphericity and kernel density with vacuum pressure presented in Fig. 2, Fig. 3, Fig. 4 and Fig. 5. For the determination of the relationship between the one thousand kernel mass and the projected area with vacuum pressure, the power model was used. For the determination of relationship between the sphericity and the kernel density with the vacuum pressure, the linear model was used. The diagrammatic representation of the models results in a curve that fits well for the description of the vacuum pressure. The relationship between one thousand kernel mass with vacuum pressure is better than the others with the highest coefficient of determination of 0.92.
Fig. 2. Vacuum pressure of precision vacuum seeder as a function of one thousand kernel mass; R2, coefficient of determination
Fig. 3. Vacuum pressure of vacuum seeder as a function of projected area; R2, coefficient of determination
Fig. 4. Vacuum pressure of vacuum seeder as a function of sphericity; R2, coefficient of determination
Fig. 5. Vacuum pressure of vacuum seeder as a function of kernel density; R2, coefficient of determination
All possible combinations of the different variables were tested and included in the regression analysis. The multiple combinations of one thousand kernel mass, projected area, sphericity and kernel density that gave the lowest root mean square error and chi-square and the highest modelling efficiency were finally included in the final model. Based on the multiple regression analysis the accepted model constants, coefficients, chi-square χ2, root mean square error Erms and modelling efficiency Em were as follows:
Pv=a+bm10000·27+cP?0·02?dφ+eρk
where: Pv is the vacuum pressure in kPa; m1000 is one thousand kernel mass in g; P is the projected area in mm2; φ is the sphericity in %; ρk is the kernel density in kg?m?3. The optimum values of the coefficient a, b, c, d, and e, namely 1.00, 0.72, 2.09×10?3, 0.01 and 0.37×10?3, respectively, gave values for χ2 of 2.51×10?3, for Erms of 2.74×10?2, and for Em of 0.99.
Validation of the established final model was evaluated by comparing the computed vacuum pressures with the observed vacuum pressures. The performance of the model was illustrated in Fig. 6. The predicted data generally banded around the straight line which showed the suitability of the final model in describing vacuum pressure of the seeder.
Fig. 6. Experimental versus predicted vacuum pressure values by final model; R2, coefficient of determination
4. Conclusions
In laboratory tests, the optimum vacuum pressure of a precision vacuum seeder was determined as 4.0?kPa for maize I and II; 3.0?kPa for cotton, soya bean and watermelon I; 2.5?kPa for watermelon II, melon and cucumber; 2.0?kPa for sugarbeet and 1.5?kPa for onion seeds.
In order to predict vacuum pressure in relation to one thousand kernel mass, projected area, sphericity and kernel density of seeds, mathematical models were developed. The relationship between one thousand kernel mass with vacuum pressure was better than the others with the highest coefficient of determination. The final model could satisfactorily describe the vacuum pressure of the precision vacuum seeder with a chi-square of 2.51×10?3, root mean square error of 2.74×10?2 and modelling efficiency of 0.99.
Acknowledgements
The corresponding author acknowledge the help of Dr. Can ERTEKIN in developing the mathematical models.
真空壓力播種機的數(shù)學建模
引言
這項研究的目的是確定最佳的精密真空壓力播種機。通過運用種子的一些物理性質(zhì)如每1000粒種子的質(zhì)量,表面積、圓度和種子密度來建立數(shù)學模型.。分別取玉米、棉花、大豆、西瓜、甜瓜、黃瓜、甜菜、洋蔥的種子作為實驗對象。結果，每1000粒種子質(zhì)量、表面積、圓度和種子密度分別為4.3-372.5g、 5-77m2、38.4–85.8%、440-1310千克/m3。最佳的真空壓力：玉米種子（I、II）為4kPa；棉花、黃豆和西瓜（I）種子為3kPa；西瓜（II）、甜瓜和黃瓜種子為2.5kPa；甜菜種子為2kPa；洋蔥種子為1.5kPa。
最終，數(shù)學模型能準確模擬出真空壓力。研究結果顯示：模型能準確地模擬出精密真空壓力播種機的真空度為2.51×10-3； 均方根誤差為2.74×10-2。模擬效率率高達99%。
各參數(shù)含義
回歸系數(shù): a,b,c,d,e
模型效率：Em
均方根誤差：Erme
試驗真空壓力 (kPa)：Kexp
試驗真空壓力平均值(kPa): Kexp.mean
真空預壓(kPa):Kpre
長度(mm)：L
每千粒種子質(zhì)量(g)：m1000
種子數(shù)目：N
模型種子數(shù)常量：n
表面積(mm2)：P
真空壓力(kPa)：Pv
概率：p
確定系數(shù)：R2
厚度(mm)：T
寬度(mm)：W
圓度(%)：φ
方差：x2
種子密度(kg/m3)：ρk
文章概要
標題
1.引言
2.材料和方法
3.結果與討論
4.結論
5.致謝
6.參考資料
1.引言
精密播種作為主要農(nóng)業(yè)工程研究已經(jīng)多年。所以,大部分的研究和開發(fā)成果已經(jīng)運用到了農(nóng)業(yè)播種。
現(xiàn)在，研究的主要目的是把種子播到一定深度的苗床上。精密播種機必須讓種子之間有一定間隔，以適應種子生長?，F(xiàn)在，有兩種類型的精密播種機:皮帶播種機和真空壓力播種機。真空壓力播種機有一帶有固定半徑計量孔的真空計量板。計量板應用這些計量手段洞競賽通過一回收裝置. 由于平板旋轉、真空所產(chǎn)生的壓力使種子從這些孔中漏出. 精密真空壓力播種機具有以下優(yōu)點：更好的工作質(zhì)量、較低種子損害率、更好地控制和保護種子、還有廣泛的適用性。
精密播種機需要把種子播種在一個可靠的環(huán)境,使種子發(fā)芽并生長。很多
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