【溫馨提示】壓縮包內(nèi)含CAD圖有下方大圖片預(yù)覽，下拉即可直觀呈現(xiàn)眼前查看、盡收眼底縱觀。打包內(nèi)容里dwg后綴的文件為CAD圖，可編輯，無水印，高清圖，壓縮包內(nèi)文檔可直接點(diǎn)開預(yù)覽，需要原稿請自助充值下載，所見才能所得，請見壓縮包內(nèi)的文件及下方預(yù)覽，請細(xì)心查看有疑問可以咨詢QQ：11970985或197216396
畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)（論 文）外 文 參 考 資 料 及 譯 文
譯文題目： A new vehicle detection method
一種新的車輛檢測方法
學(xué)生姓名： 學(xué) 號(hào)：
專 業(yè)：
所在學(xué)院：
指導(dǎo)教師：
職 稱：
20xx年 02 月 25 日
說明：
要求學(xué)生結(jié)合畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）課題參閱一篇以上的外文資料，并翻譯至少一萬印刷符（或譯出3千漢字）以上的譯文。譯文原則上要求打印（如手寫，一律用400字方格稿紙書寫），連同學(xué)校提供的統(tǒng)一封面及英文原文裝訂，于畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）工作開始后2周內(nèi)完成，作為成績考核的一部分。
英語原文
A new vehicle detection method
Zebbara Khalid Abdenbi Mazoul Mohamed El Ansari
LabSIV, Department of Computer Science
LabSIV, Department of Computer Science
LabSIV, Department of Computer Science
Faculty of Science, Ibn Zohr University Agadir, Morocco
Faculty of Science, University of Ibn Zohr Agadir, Morocco
Faculty of Science, University of Ibn Zohr Agadir, Morocco
Abstract
This paper presents a new vehicle detection method from images acquired by cameras embedded in a moving vehicle. Given the sequence of images, the proposed algorithms should detect out all cars in realtime. Related to the driving direction, the cars can be classified into two types. Cars drive in the same direction as the intelligent vehicle (IV) and cars drive in the opposite direction. Due to the distinct features of these two types, we suggest to achieve this method in two main steps. The first one detects all obstacles from images using the so-called association combined with corner detector. The second step is applied to validate each vehicle using AdaBoost classifier. The new method has been applied to different images data and the experimental results validate the efficacy of our method.
Keywords-component; intelligent vehicle; vehicle detection; Association; Optical Flow; AdaBoost; Haar filter.
I. INTRODUCTION
Detection of road obstacles [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] is an important task in the intelligent transportation. A number of sensors embedded in IV to perform the vehicle detection task. These sensors can be classified into passive and active sensors. Known that active sensors are expensive and cause pollution to the environment, we propose to use passive sensors in our vehicle detection approach. The data we are going to process to achieve vehicle detection are images taken from a camera embedded in a moving car.
In the field of technical obstacle detected by vision system, two approaches existed: the first approach is unicameral approach that uses a single camera that consists of an image interpretation with former knowledge of information about these obstacles. This information can be texture information [7], color [8], [9]. The second one is the stereo or multi-camera approach which is based on the variation map after matching primitives between different views of the sensor [10], [11] and [12]. Vehicle detection algorithms have two basic step; Hypothesis Generation (HG) and Hypothesis Verification (HV) [13]. In the hypothesis Generation step, the algorithm hypothesizes the locations of vehicles in an image. In the Hypothesis Verification (HV) step, he algorithm verifies the presence of vehicle in an image. The methods in the HG step can be categorized into tree methods; Knowledge-based methods which use symmetry of object, color, corners and edges; Stereo-vision-based methods which use two cameras;
Motion-based Methods which track the motion of pixels between the consecutive frames [14]. The methods in the HV step are Template-based methods and Appearance methods. Template-based methods use predefined patterns of the vehicle class. Appearance-based methods include pattern classification system between vehicle and non vehicle. There are a many works [15][16][17] tackling realtime on-road vehicle detection problem. All the papers used monocular cameras and have real- time constraints. [15] used horizontal and vertical edges (Knowledge-based methods) in HG step. The selected regions at HG step are matched with predefined template in HV step. [16] used horizontal and vertical edges in HG step. However, they use Haar Wavelet Transform and SVMs (Appearance- based methods) in HV step. [17] detected long-distance stationary obstacles including vehicles. They used an efficient optical flow algorithm [18] in HG step. They used Sum of squared differences (SSD) with a threshold value to verify their hypothesis.
This paper presents a new approach for vehicle detection. At each time, the decision of the presence of vehicles in the road scene is made based on the current frame and its preceding one. We use the association approach [20], which consists in finding the relationship between consecutive frames. This method exploits the displacement of edges in the frames. At each edge point in one frame we look for its associate one in the preceding frame if any. Obstacles can be detected on the basis of the analysis of association results. Adaboost classifier is used to verify is an obstacle is a vehicle.
II. METHOD VEHICLE DETECTION
This section details de main steps of the proposed method. We extract the edge points and corners of the consecutive images. We keep only the edge points belonging to curves containing corners. The association is performed between consecutive images. We analyze the association results to detect obstacles (objects). Finally, Adaboost is used to decide if a detected object is a vehicle or not.
A. Detecting Corner
We use Shi and Tomasi [19] corner detector that is modi?ed from the Harris corner detector. Shi and Tomasi corner detector is based on the Harris corner detector. Affine transformation is used instead of a simple translation. Given the image patch over the area (u,v). Shi and Tomasi corner detector finds corner with applying Affine transformation A and shifting it by (x,y) (Eq. 1). .
（1） S = ??(I (u, v) - I ( A(u, v) - (x, y)))2
u v
After calculating the point’s corners threshold was performed to remove small close point’s corners, points cornersin a vehicle are much more compared to trees or features of the road.
B. Detecting Edge and filtring
Canny operator is used to detect edge points of the consecutive images. The edge curves are formed by grouping edge points using morphological operations. Among the resulting curves, we keep only the ones crossing at least one of the corners calculated in subsection A.
C. Association
The rest of this subsection describes the method we use to find association between edges of successive frames. Let Ck-1 be a curve in the image IK-1and Ck be its corresponding one in the image IK. Consider two edges Pk-1 and Qk-1 belonging to the curves Ck-1 and their corresponding ones Pk and Qk belonging to the curve Ck (see Fig. 1). We define the associate point of the point Pk-1 as the point belonging to the curve Ck which has the same y coordinate as Pk-1. Note that the association is not correspondence neither motion. Two associate points are two points belonging to two corresponding curves of two successive images of the same sequence and having the same y-coordinate. From Fig. 1, we remark that the point Qk meets these constraints. Consequently, Qk constitutes the associate point of the point Pk-1.
In practice, we assume that the movement of the objects from one frame to the other is small. So, if x1 and x2 represent the x-coordinates of Pk-1 and Qk, respectively, x2 should belongs to the interval [x1 - Dx,x1 + Dx],where Dx is a threshold to be selected. This constraint allows the reduction of the number of associate candidates. The gradient magnitude is used to choose the best associate one. As a similarity criterion, the absolute difference between the gradient magnitudes of the edges is used. As we see in Fig. 1, the point Pk represents the match of the point Pk-1. However, the point Qk constitutes the associate of the point Pk-1. We remark that the points Pk and Qk are different because of the movement of the point Pk in the image Ik.
We could not find the association for all edges because ofthe different viewpoints and then objects movement. It is the same as in the matching algorithm, where some parts are visible in one image but occluded in the other one.
Association approach is a technique used to find the relationship between successive frames, this method exploit the displacement of edges in the frames. Let Qk be an edge
Figure 1. IK-1 and Ik represent successive images of the same sequence, e.g. left sequence. The point Qk in the image Ik constitutes the associate point of the point Pk-1 in the image Ik-1. The points Pk and Pk-1 are in red color. The points Qk and Qk-1 are in green color.
point belonging to the curves Ck in the image Ik. The associate point of Qk can be found as a correspondent point Pk-1 belonging to the curves Ck-1 in the horizontal neighborhood of Qk in previous image Ik-1.(More details about association method are described in [20]).
The associated points should belong to the same object contour and they should have similar or closer gradient magnitudes and orientation. In this work, we use an important cost function (Eq. 2) described below in this paper. This function computes the distance between two candidate associate points using gradient magnitudes. The edge with smaller cost will be considered as associated pairs of features. Because of vertical movement of scene, the association approach does not guarantee that each feature in the image have its associated point. But some good associates’ points are enough to construct the vehicle objects.
u + w
F (dx ) = min?(I (x, y)- I (x + dx , y)) （2）
x =u - w
Where dx is the distance that a contour moves between instant t0 and t1. Given point (u, v) in image It, the algorithm should find the point (if exist) (u + dx, v) in image It+1 that minimizes function of cost F (Fig. 2). And w is the neighbourhood window around (x,y).
D. Detection of Objects
Let us consider Ass the image association and M and N be the image width and height, respectively. At each pixel (x,y) in the current image, Ass(x,y) is the distance between the pixel (x,y) and its associate one in the preceding image (frame). The obstacles can be detected by using the following functions.
F1 (i) = ? Ass(i, j) (3)
j =1
M
F2 ( j) = ? Ass(i, j) (4)
i=1
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 2. (a) Edge detection at instant t0. (b) Edge detection at instant t1 (c) Vector Association.
Where i = 1,..,M and j = 1,..,N
The values of the function F1 and F2 should be maximum at the areas where there are obstacles. The function F1 allows to determine the horizontal bounds of obstacles. The function F2 allows to determine the vertical bounds of obstacles. The segmentation of the two functions helps to determine the horizontal and vertical bounds of obstacles. Fig. 3 illustrates an example of the computation by equations F1 and F2. Fig. 3 (a) depicts the image association, Fig. 3(b) the computed function F1, and Fig. 3(c) the computed function F2.
E. Validation using Adaboost
In the step of detecting and locating faces, we propose an approach for robust and fast algorithm based on the density of images, AdaBoost, which combines simple descriptors (Haar feature) for a strong classifier.
The concept of Boosting was proposed in 1995 by Freund [21]. The Boosting algorithm uses the weak hypothesis (error rate ε <0.5) a priori knowledge to build a strong assumption. In 1996 Freund
(a)
(b) (c)
Figure 3. (a) Image Association (b) the computed function by equation F1 (3). (c) the computed function by equation F2 (4).
and Schapire proposed the AdaBoost algorithm which allowed automatic choosing weak hypothesis with adjusted weight. AdaBoost does not depend on a priori knowledge [22].
In 2001, Viola and Jones applied the AdaBoost algorithm in the detection of faces for the first time. With simple descriptors (Haar feature), the method of calculating value descriptors (full image), the cascade of classifiers, this method has become reference face detection for its qualities of speed and robustness.
In 2002, Lienhart et al. extended Haar descriptors, experienced in several of AdaBoost algorithms: Discrete Adaboost, Real Adaboost, Gentle Adaboost and Logitboost.These codes learning and detection algorithm AdaBoost are published in the function library OpenCV (Open Source Computer Vision) [23] [24]. [25] Using descriptors histograms of oriented gradients for human detection and bicycles.
In our work we applied the algorithm "Gentle AdaBoost" using the OpenCV library function using two waterfalls - "haarcascade_car_1" and "haarcascade_car_2" - to detect and locate most vehicles in the sequences images.
III. RESULTS
We have performed a number of experiments and comparisons to demonstrate the proposed Association approach in the context of vehicle detection.
The system was implemented on a Intel? Core ? CPU 2.99 Ghz. We tested the system on different frames of images. The system is able to detect most vehicles in different images in 20 milliseconds it’s fast more than algorithm of optical flow [26].
(a)
(b)
（c）
（d）
（e）
Figure 4. (a) at instant t0 and t1. (b) point’s corners of images (a). (c) edges that cross points corners detected at (b). (d) Association vectors of edges from (c) calculated between instants t0 and t1. (e right) vertical and (e left) horizontal projection of the associated edges points
Fig. 4 shows each step of our approach for detection of vehicles using Association and Adaboost. The results illustrate several Strong points of the proposed method. Fig. 4.a shows an image at instant t0 ant t1. In Fig. 4.b, the point’s corners are calculated successfully after threshold to eliminate other obstacles (tree,), although we have only point’s corners of vehicles. In Fig. 4.c, shows edges that cross points corners and we keep only edges of vehicles. In Fig. 4.d, shows associations vectors for each edge in the frame t0. In Fig. 4.e shows results calculate in section detection of objects by formulas (3) and (4) to determine abscises and ordinates of obstacles.
The proposed method has been tested on other real road images depicted in Fig. 6. The HG and HV results are shown in Fig. 6.b and Fig. 6.c respectively. It’s clear that the results computed by our approach are very satisfactory.
（a）
（b）
Figure 5. (a) Bounding box. (b) Validation of objects using AdaBoost.
（a）
（b）
（c）
Figure 6. (a) Original image.(b) Hypothesis Generation (HG) and (c) Hypothesis Verification (HV).
IV. CONCLUSION
This paper presents a new vehicle detection method based on association notion descrebed above. In order to select more reliable features, the corner detector is used. Based on horizontal and vertical projection of the associated edge points, the focused sub-region is selected as region of interest.
The experiment results have validated the efficacy of our method, and they show that this method is capable to work in real time. In the future, we plan to improve our vehicle detection method, which will be tested to detect much more complex obstacles (pedestrian, traffic light...) under different weather conditions.
REFERENCES
[1] R Manduchi, A Castano, A Talukder, L Matthies 2005. Obstacle Detection and Terrain Classification for Autonomous Off-Road Navigation.
[2] R. Labayrade, D. Aubert, J. P. Tarel, "Real Time Obstacle Detection on Non Flat Road Geometry through V-Disparity Representation", IEEE Intel- ligent Vehicules Symposium, Versailles, June 2002.
[3] M. Bertozzi, A. Broggi - "GOLD: A parallel real- time stereo vision system for generic obstacle and lane detection", IEEE Transaction on image pro- cessing, Vol. 7, N1, January 1998.
[4] T.A. Williamson - "A high-performance stereo vi-sion system for obstacle detection ", Phd, Carnegie Mellon University, September 1998.
[5] G. Toulminet, A. Bensrhair, S. Mousset, A. Broggi, P. Mich, "Systeme de stereovision pour la detec- tion d'obstacles et de vehicule temps reel". In Procs. 18th Symposium GRETSIIO1 on Signal and Image Processing, Toulouse, France, September 2001
[6] Tuo-Zhong Yao, Zhi-Yu Xiang, Ji-Lin Liu 2009 .Robust water hazard detection for autonomous off-road navigation in Journal of Zhejiang UniversityScience.
[7] T. Kalinke, C.Tzomakas, and W.Seelen (1998). A Texture-based object detection and an adaptive model-based classification.
[8] R.Aufrere, F.Marmoiton, R.Chapuis, F.Collange, and J.Derutin (2000).Road detection and vehicles tracking by vision for acc.
[9] R. Chapuis, F.Marmoiton and R.Aufrere (2000). Road detection and vehicles tracking by vision for acc system in the velac vehicle.
[10] U.Franke and A.Joos (2000). Real-time stereo vision for urban traffic scene understanding.
[11] D.Koller, T.Luong, and J.Malik (1994). Binocular stereopsis and lane marker flow for vehicle navigation: lateral and longitudinal control.
[12] R. Labayade, D.Aubert, and J. Tarel (2002). Real time obstacle detection in stereo vision on non flatroad geometry through v-disparity representation.
[13] R. Miller. On-road vehicle detection: A review. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell., 28(5):694–711, 2006. Member- Zehang Sun and Member-George Bebis. 2
[14] B. D. Lucas and T. Kanade. An iterative image registration technique with an application to stereo vision. In Proc. of the 7th IJCAI, pages 674–679, Vancouver, Canada, 1981. 1, 2, 3
[15] M. Betke, E. Haritaoglu, and L. Davis. Real-time multiple vehicle detection and tracking from a moving vehicle. 12(2):69–83, 2000. 2
[16] G. B. Z. Sun, R. Miller and D. DiMeo. A real-time precrash vehicle detection system. In Proceedings of the 2002 IEEE Workshop on Applications of Computer Vision, Orlando, FL, Dec. 2002. 2.
[17] A. Wedel, U. Franke, J. Klappstein, T. Brox, and D. Cremers.Realtime depth estimation and obstacle detection from monocular video. In K. F. et al., editor, Pattern Recognition (Proc. DAGM), volume 4174 of LNCS, pages 475–484, Berlin, Germany, September 2006. Springer. 2
[18] G. D. Hager and P. N. Belhumeur. Efficient region tracking with parametric models of geometry and illumination. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 20(10):1025–1039, 1998. 2
[19] J. Shi and C. Tomasi. Good features to track. In IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR’94), Seattle, June 1994. 1, 2, 3.
[20] M. El-Ansari, S. Mousset, and A. Bensrhair, “Temporal consistent real- time stereo for intelligent vehicles,” Pattern Recognition Letters, vol. 31, no. 11, pp. 1226–1238, August 2010.
[21] Y. Freund, R.E. Schapire, Experiments with a New Boosting Algorithm, In Proc. 13th Int. Conf. on Machine Learning, pp. 148.-156, 1996.
[22] Y. Freund, Boosting a weak learning algorithm by majority, Information and Computation, 121(2):256–285, 1995.
[23] R. Lienhart, J. Maydt, An Extended Set of Haar-like Features for Rapid Object Detection, IEEE ICIP 2002, Vol. 1, pp. 900-903, Sep. 2002.
[24] R. Lienhart, A. Kuranov, V. Pisarevsky, Empirical Analysis of Detection Cascades of Boosted Classifiers for Rapid Object Detection, MRL Technical Report, May 2002.
[25] R. Miller. On-road vehicle detection: A review. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell., 28(5):694–711, 2006. Member-Zehang Sun and Member-George Bebis.
[26] Jaesik Choi. Realtime On-Road Vehicle Detection with Optical Flows and Haar-like feature detector.
中文翻譯
一種新的車輛檢測方法