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保護(hù)性耕作是國際農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)發(fā)展
保性耕作是國際農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)發(fā)展的重要趨勢,秸稈還田技術(shù)是機(jī)械化保護(hù)性耕作中關(guān)鍵的一項(xiàng)技術(shù)。使用機(jī)械化秸稈還田技術(shù)可以有效地解決農(nóng)忙期間爭農(nóng)時(shí)、爭勞力的矛盾,有力推動秸稈還田的農(nóng)業(yè)全程機(jī)械化進(jìn)程,避免由于焚燒秸稈產(chǎn)生的環(huán)境污染。本著一機(jī)多用、降低生產(chǎn)成本的原則,研制了既能滿足玉米秸稈、根茬直接粉碎還田,又能單獨(dú)實(shí)現(xiàn)旋耕作業(yè)的新型多功能玉米秸稈還田機(jī)。 (1)在對秸稈粉碎及滅茬基本理論分析的基礎(chǔ)上,提出多功能玉米秸稈還田機(jī)總體結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)方案。 采用臥式結(jié)構(gòu),主要由懸掛裝置、變速箱、皮帶傳動、秸稈粉碎機(jī)構(gòu)、滅茬旋耕機(jī)構(gòu)、限深滾筒等組成。拖拉機(jī)輸出動力經(jīng)萬向節(jié)傳遞給變速箱,變速箱一軸經(jīng)齒輪、皮帶輪兩級增速后,帶動粉碎刀輥工作;另一軸經(jīng)變速箱、皮帶輪變速后帶動滅茬旋耕刀輥工作。 (2)設(shè)計(jì)了新型變速箱,實(shí)現(xiàn)了秸稈粉碎、滅茬、旋耕的復(fù)合或單項(xiàng)作業(yè),結(jié)構(gòu)簡單,一機(jī)多用。 主要由錐齒輪傳動、撥叉、撥叉套、滾針軸承等組成。利用撥叉套與從動齒輪的離合來實(shí)現(xiàn)粉碎、旋耕動力的分離與結(jié)合,從而分別完成秸稈粉碎與滅茬復(fù)合作業(yè)或旋耕單項(xiàng)作業(yè),實(shí)現(xiàn)一機(jī)多用之功能。 (3)對樣機(jī)進(jìn)行了田間試驗(yàn),作業(yè)質(zhì)量滿足農(nóng)藝要求。 試驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明:對秸稈和根茬具有良好的切碎效果,秸稈切碎平均長度為5.2 cm,粉碎合格率≥98%,滅茬率≥90%,碎茬拋撒均勻、覆蓋率高,作業(yè)性能穩(wěn)定。旋耕單項(xiàng)作業(yè)時(shí),旋耕深度可達(dá)16 cm,碎土率85.7%,作業(yè)后土碎地平,滿足農(nóng)藝要求,可直接進(jìn)行后續(xù)播種作業(yè)。
作物秸稈是農(nóng)作物生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)中一項(xiàng)重要的生物資源，作物秸稈資源的利用既涉及到整個(gè)農(nóng)業(yè)系統(tǒng)中的土壤肥力、水土保持，也涉及到環(huán)境安全以及再生資源的有效利用等可持續(xù)發(fā)展問題。秸稈機(jī)械還田是解決秸稈處理問題的有效途徑之一。 目前，秸稈機(jī)械還田機(jī)具已成為我國農(nóng)機(jī)近期研究的一個(gè)重要領(lǐng)域。關(guān)于稻麥秸稈整株還田的機(jī)具研究目前還存在很多問題。為了研究水稻整株秸稈還田機(jī)具各部件的結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)、工作參數(shù)等因素對功率的影響，降低秸稈整株還田機(jī)具功率消耗，本文對秸稈還田機(jī)具的各參數(shù)進(jìn)行了設(shè)計(jì)和試驗(yàn)研究。 (1)提出試驗(yàn)臺的總體設(shè)計(jì)方案，通過對秸稈還田機(jī)的機(jī)理分析，選擇(出)影響還田機(jī)作業(yè)質(zhì)量的結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)、工作參數(shù)作為主要研究因素； (2)對刀盤間距、刀的排列方式、刀片滑切角以及刀片安裝角等主要工作部件的結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)進(jìn)行理論分析與優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)； (3)合理選擇、設(shè)計(jì)、加工測試系統(tǒng)的傳感器部分，并對整個(gè)測試系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行標(biāo)定； (4)在影響參數(shù)中，選擇了對機(jī)具作業(yè)狀態(tài)和功率消耗有較大影響的刀盤間距、機(jī)器前進(jìn)速度以及刀滾旋轉(zhuǎn)速度三個(gè)參數(shù)作為試驗(yàn)因子，按照二次正交旋轉(zhuǎn)組合設(shè)計(jì)試驗(yàn)方法，給出試驗(yàn)方案并進(jìn)行了試驗(yàn)研究； (5)通過對試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)的處理分析，得到刀盤間距、機(jī)器前進(jìn)速度以及刀滾旋轉(zhuǎn)速度這三個(gè)因素對轉(zhuǎn)矩影響的數(shù)學(xué)模型，并分析了這三個(gè)因素對轉(zhuǎn)矩的影響規(guī)律； (6)通過對得到模型的理論分析，最終得到刀盤間距、機(jī)器前進(jìn)速度以及刀滾旋轉(zhuǎn)速度這三個(gè)因素對作業(yè)機(jī)具功率消耗的數(shù)學(xué)模型，并分析了這三個(gè)因素對功率消耗的影響規(guī)律。 本文通過上述的試驗(yàn)和分析，給出了刀盤間距、機(jī)器前進(jìn)速度以及刀滾旋轉(zhuǎn)速度這三個(gè)因素在滿足作業(yè)要求(覆蓋率、埋草深度、碎土率)的前提下，降低功耗的最優(yōu)組合方案，為進(jìn)一步進(jìn)行整機(jī)參數(shù)優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)提供了重要的理論依據(jù)。
長期定位肥料試驗(yàn)作為農(nóng)田生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的重要研究方法,具有常規(guī)試驗(yàn)不可比擬的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。本試驗(yàn)選用山東省齊河縣華店鄉(xiāng)和焦斌鄉(xiāng)兩地代表黃淮海農(nóng)區(qū)的潮土,設(shè)置秸稈不同用量與氮磷肥配施為 6 個(gè)主處理、兩種土質(zhì)為副處理,進(jìn)行盆栽試驗(yàn),對麥玉兩熟長期不同施肥條件下土壤理化性質(zhì)的動態(tài)變化、土壤鉀庫形態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)化、土壤養(yǎng)分的平衡狀況、土壤酶的活性及微生物區(qū)系等進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)研究,初步探討秸稈還田改土培肥的增產(chǎn)效應(yīng)與機(jī)理,主要研究結(jié)果如下: 1 秸稈還田量與土壤鹽分呈顯著正相關(guān)。秸稈與化肥配施的土壤可溶性鹽分有增加趨勢。砂壤土含鹽量高于中壤土。另外,土壤鹽分也與氣候和作物生育期等因素有關(guān)。 2 秸稈還田能改善土壤的通氣狀況,降低土壤容重和 pH 值,協(xié)調(diào)土壤水肥氣熱等生態(tài)條件,為根系生長創(chuàng)造良好的土壤環(huán)境。 3 秸稈還田能顯著增加土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)積累,提高土壤養(yǎng)分的有效性。兩種質(zhì)地的土壤,其有機(jī)質(zhì)季節(jié)積累和養(yǎng)分生物有效性的變化動態(tài)相似,即 6 月 2 日最高,6 月 22 日最低。土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)及有效養(yǎng)分含量都隨施肥年限的延長而遞減,且中壤土的各肥力指標(biāo)均大于砂壤土。 4 秸稈還田量與水溶性鉀、非特殊吸附鉀、特殊吸附鉀和非交換鉀含量呈顯著正相關(guān),與礦物鉀呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)。長期秸稈還田土壤鉀素年度變化規(guī)律:非交換鉀、特殊吸附鉀呈逐年上升趨勢;水溶性鉀、非特殊吸附鉀、礦物鉀呈逐年下降趨勢。 5 秸稈還田量與土壤有效鐵、鋅、錳之間呈顯著正相關(guān),與速效銅相關(guān)性不好;兩種不同質(zhì)地土壤微量元素均有類似規(guī)律:
除有效銅外,土壤有效鋅、錳、鐵季節(jié)性變化都較明顯。 6 兩種質(zhì)地的土壤脲酶和磷酸酶活性強(qiáng)度變化趨勢是 N1P1M3>N1P1M2>N1P1M1>N0P0M2>N1P1M0>N0P0M0。在 NP 肥用量相同的各處理中,秸稈還田量與土壤脲酶、磷酸酶活性密切相關(guān)。兩種土質(zhì)的土壤脲酶、磷酸酶與有機(jī)質(zhì)、有效氮、有效磷、有效鉀均呈極顯著相關(guān)。 1長期秸稈還田改土培肥綜合效應(yīng)的研究兩種酶都有隨施肥年限的延長而遞減的趨勢。 7 秸稈還田后,土壤細(xì)菌、真菌、放線菌的數(shù)量均有所增加,且細(xì)菌>放線菌>真菌。在小麥分蘗期,各處理的微生物數(shù)量最少;小麥返青期后菌類數(shù)量迅速增加;微生物數(shù)量的高峰期出現(xiàn)在玉米拔節(jié)期和大喇叭口期。 8 秸稈還田能顯著提高作物產(chǎn)量,中壤土的增產(chǎn)效果比砂壤土好。總產(chǎn)量與秸稈還田量呈顯著正相關(guān);小麥的千粒重和生物量都與秸稈還田量呈顯著正相關(guān),而株高、穗粒數(shù)和有效穗數(shù)與秸稈還田量的相關(guān)性不顯著;玉米的穗粒重、千粒重與秸稈還田量之間達(dá)到了顯著水平,而穗粒數(shù)和穗行數(shù)與還田量的相關(guān)性不顯著。 9 作物對 N、P、K 的吸收量隨秸稈還田量的增加而提高;在 N、P、K 投入量相同的條件下,中壤土中作物對養(yǎng)分的吸收量大于砂壤土;在化肥施入量相同的條件下,土壤氮素始終保持盈余狀態(tài),而磷素和鉀素均處于虧缺狀態(tài)。
秸稈是自然界和農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中一種重要的資源,秸稈還田對于土壤的肥力狀況及其質(zhì)量和健康都有著非常重要的意義。土壤微生物尤其是其中與纖維素降解有關(guān)的微生物在秸稈的降解過程中起著關(guān)鍵性的作用。本文對秸稈還田土壤中與纖維素降解有關(guān)的微生物進(jìn)行了分子生態(tài)學(xué)研究,研究內(nèi)容共分為三個(gè)部分: 第一部分:應(yīng)用PCR-DGGE分子技術(shù)并結(jié)合聚類分析、主成份分析(PCA)等統(tǒng)計(jì)分析方法,對土壤微生物在幾種不同的纖維素富集培養(yǎng)條件下的多樣性進(jìn)行了分析。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),不同的纖維素富集培養(yǎng)條件對土壤微生物的多樣性有不同程度的影響:CMC和PCS兩種培養(yǎng)基在50℃時(shí)所回收的土壤微生物的菌群結(jié)構(gòu)和組成比較相似;而纖維素富集培養(yǎng)基(J培養(yǎng)基)同CMC兩種培養(yǎng)基所回收的土壤微生物菌群結(jié)構(gòu)和組成卻有很大的差異;此外50℃條件下所回收的土壤微生物其菌群結(jié)構(gòu)和組成同28℃、37℃兩個(gè)溫度相比也相差較大。這一結(jié)果表明,組合不同的纖維素富集培養(yǎng)條件,結(jié)合分子和統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,可以對土壤樣品在不同纖維素富集培養(yǎng)條件下微生物的多樣性進(jìn)行檢測和評估,同時(shí)還可以為分離目標(biāo)菌時(shí)富集培養(yǎng)條件的選擇提供很有價(jià)值的參考。 第二部分:通過建立秸稈還田模擬體系,并應(yīng)用PCR-DGGE分子技術(shù)與聚類分析、主成份分析(PCA)以及偏最小二乘法顯著性分析。
本研究采用尼龍網(wǎng)袋法、砂濾管法和植物組織切片的方法對秸稈在不同還田方式下的腐解速率及養(yǎng)分釋放規(guī)律，以及秸稈還田對土壤肥力和作物產(chǎn)量的影響進(jìn)行研究。針對農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中出現(xiàn)的稻草覆蓋影響小麥生長的問題，采用室內(nèi)培養(yǎng)實(shí)驗(yàn)研究了稻草對小麥的化感作用，以期找到解決稻草還田抑制小麥生長的技術(shù)和方法，為大面積農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)提供急需的技術(shù)支撐和指導(dǎo)。本研究取得的主要研究結(jié)果如下： 1．麥稈、油菜稈還田后，腐解速率均表現(xiàn)為前期快，后期慢。整個(gè)試驗(yàn)期間(100d)，麥稈、油菜稈的累計(jì)腐解率分別為66.18％和55.62％，麥稈高于油菜稈。兩種秸稈在養(yǎng)分釋放上均表現(xiàn)為，鉀(K)最快，磷(P)次之，氮(N)最慢。在還田初期(前10d)K釋放率分別達(dá)到了98.92％和98.74％，已基本釋放完全。通過進(jìn)一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，在麥稈、油菜稈還田6d后，K的釋放就已達(dá)95％左右，釋放率分別為94.76％和95.93％。在麥稈還田腐解的過程中，組織結(jié)構(gòu)的破壞主要發(fā)生在基本組織的薄壁細(xì)胞及其所包圍的維管束，表皮和機(jī)械組織以及其所包圍的維管束的破壞不明顯。且麥稈的基本組織及其所包圍的維管束的破壞在腐解前期(50d前)并不明顯，主要發(fā)生在麥稈腐解的后期(50d后)。在油菜稈腐解過程中，組織結(jié)構(gòu)的破壞主要發(fā)生在腐解的前10d。在10d之內(nèi)，次生木質(zhì)部以上的維管形成層、韌皮纖維、皮層薄壁組織和表皮均受到破壞而脫落。 2．稻草還田后，前期腐解快，后期較慢。翻埋還田的稻草腐解速率明顯快于覆蓋還田稻草，整個(gè)試驗(yàn)期間(210 d)翻埋還田的稻草累計(jì)腐解率達(dá)到76.55％，而覆蓋還田的稻草僅為53.50％。稻草覆蓋與翻埋兩種還田方式下養(yǎng)分釋放速率均以鉀(K)最快，磷(P)次之，氮(N)最慢。還田10d內(nèi)，兩種方式下K分別釋放了50.32％和90.13％。稻草與土壤充分混合條件下，稻草和土壤礦化釋放的氮主要以NO_3-N形態(tài)(＞80％)存在，NH_4-N和可溶性有機(jī)氮較少；在稻草還田后的前40d存在土壤微生物與作物競爭土壤礦質(zhì)氮的現(xiàn)象，40d之后此現(xiàn)象消失，稻草開始氮的凈礦化；在稻草埋入土壤時(shí)同時(shí)配施適量的氮肥，可以消除微生物的奪氮現(xiàn)象。在稻草還田腐解過程中，組織結(jié)構(gòu)的破壞主要發(fā)生在基本組織的薄壁細(xì)胞及其所包圍維管束，表皮和機(jī)械組織以及其所包圍的維管束的破壞不明顯。兩種還田方式比較，在還田初期，翻埋還田較覆蓋還田對組織結(jié)構(gòu)的破壞嚴(yán)重。隨著腐解的進(jìn)行，當(dāng)?shù)静葜幸妆黄茐牡幕窘M織及其所包圍的維管束被破壞之后，兩種還田方式對稻草中難以被破壞的表皮和機(jī)械組織及其所包圍的維管束的破壞程度差別不大。 3．秸稈還田能夠降低土壤容重，增加土壤孔隙度，改善土壤結(jié)構(gòu)，增加土壤速效養(yǎng)分，促進(jìn)作物對養(yǎng)分的吸收，增加作物的產(chǎn)量。秸稈還田后土壤容重比試驗(yàn)前降低了0.03g／cm~3，土壤總孔隙度比試驗(yàn)前增加了0.99％，土壤速效磷和速效鉀的含量增加，尤其是速效鉀，增加效果顯著。在大春階段，麥稈還田后水稻增產(chǎn)5.61％，油菜稈還田水稻增產(chǎn)1.31％；在小春階段，稻草還田小麥增產(chǎn)6.16％，油菜增產(chǎn)7.08％。 4．通過測定水稻秸稈水浸提液對小麥發(fā)芽率、幼苗高度和根長的影響，研究了不同浸提液濃度對小麥幼苗的化感作用。結(jié)果表明：水稻秸稈水浸提液對小麥發(fā)芽和幼苗生長的影響總體上表現(xiàn)為低促、高抑，即低濃度的浸提液對小麥發(fā)芽有促進(jìn)作用，隨著濃度的增加浸提液對小麥發(fā)芽開始產(chǎn)生抑制作用，濃度越高，抑制作用越強(qiáng)。在浸提液質(zhì)量濃度為0.01g／ml(低)時(shí)，浸提液對小麥發(fā)芽和幼苗生長都具有促進(jìn)作用。在浸提液質(zhì)量濃度為0.02g／ml(中)時(shí)，浸提液對小麥發(fā)芽和幼苗生長產(chǎn)生抑制作用，且在小麥幼苗生長階段的抑制作用強(qiáng)于發(fā)芽階段。在此浸提液濃度下，加入外源激素的處理，不但能夠消除浸提液對小麥幼苗生長的抑制作用，還能對小麥幼苗的生長產(chǎn)生明顯的促進(jìn)作用。在浸提液質(zhì)量濃度為0.04g／ml(高)時(shí)，小麥發(fā)芽和幼苗生長受到嚴(yán)重抑制。在此情況下，加入外源激素赤霉素或黃腐酸也不能對此抑制作用產(chǎn)生影響。
Conservation tillage is an important international trend of development of agricultural technology
The protection cultivation is the most important international agricultural technology development tendency. The smashed straw technology is one essential technology of the mechanized protection cultivation. Using smashed straw machines can effectively solve the problems that striving for time and labour during the busying farming time, and can make the agricultural entire mechanization come to truth. It also can avoid environment pollution caused by straw setting on fire. According to multi-function and reducing production cost, multi-function smashed straw machine was developed. It not only can smash straw together with the stubble and put it back to the farmland to increase the nutrient once time but also can according to our practical necessity to choose rotary tilling single function. (1) On the basic of studying the elementary theory of smashing straw, the integral structure design plan of multi-function machine was introduced. The machine is mainly composed of hanging system, gearbox, belt transmission system, stalk-soil returning roller, rotary tiller roller, and depth limit roller. Power is transmitted from the tractor power output shaft to the gearbox. One shaft of the gearbox is accelerated by both bevel gears and strap transmission. And then it drives the stalk-smashing knives revolving quickly. Another shaft is moved by the bevel gears and strap wheel to drive the rotary tiller working. (2) The innovative point is the design of new gearbox, which has realized the composite work or single work of smashing straw, stubble and rotary tillage for the first time. It makes one machine has two uses. The gearbox is mainly composed of bevel gears, poking fork, clutch, and bearings. Using the separation or union between the clutch and gears, the separation or union of the power can be realized. So, the machine can choose smashed straw work or rotary tillage work. And the intension of bevel gears, belts, axes are checked. (3) The experiment of the machine is carried on the field. The results of the experiment can satisfy the agronomy request. The test result indicates that, the machine has good qualities to smash the straw and stubble. The average length of the smashed straw is 5.2 cm. The smashing qualified rate is 98%. The stubble smashed rate is 90%. The smashed straw is thrown equably. The fraction of coverage is high. The work performance is stable. When the machine chooses the single rotary tillage work, the rotary tillage depth can arrive at 16 cm. The crumble rate is 85.7%. After rotary tillage work, the farmland is smooth. It can satisfy the agronomy request and can carry on the following sowing seeds work directly.
The crop straw is an important biologic resource in agricultural production system. Theapplication of the crop straw resource is involved with not only the soil fertility, water and soilconservation in the whole agricultural system, but also sustaining development problems such asthe environmental safety and the effective utilization of the regenerative resources. The straw returnin mechanical method is one of the effective ways to solve the straw processing. At the present time, the straw return machine has become of an important field in agriculturalmachinery study in China. However there are still lots of problems existed in the study of the strawreturn machine of whole rice stems. (such as power consumption is too much) In order to solve theimpact of those factors on the power consumption, such as structural parameters, operatingparameters and so on of each component in the machine, and reduce power consumption, thepaper implemented a design and experimental investigation on the parameters of the straw returnmachine. (1) The integrated design plan on test stand was put forward in this paper and throughmechanics analysis of the straw return machine, the structural parameters and operatingparameters which affected the operating quality of straw return machine are chose as the mainresearch factors. (2) The theoretical analysis and optimizing design were implemented to the structuralparameters of major working components, such as the clearance between cutter heads, thearrange of bent blade, grass removing angle and setting angle. (3) The sensor section has been chose, designed and processed logically, and then the testsystem was calibrated. (4) Among those influencing parameters, the paper chose the clearance between cutterheads, machine forward speed and knife roll revolving speed as experimental factors, whichhave a great influence on working status and power consumption (about the straw return machine),then put forward the experimental scheme and conducted experimental investigation as per the twotimes orthogonal rotational regressive test plan. (5) Through the analysis of data processing about the test date, a mathematical modelregarding the influence of the clearance between cutter heads, machine forward speed and rollrotational speed on the torque of the machine was achieved and the rule of impacts of these threefactors on the torque were analyzed as well. (6) Through the theory analysis about the model forenamed, another mathematical modelregarding the influence of the clearance between cutter heads, machine forward speed and rollrotational speed on the power consumption of the machine was achieved and the rule of impacts ofthese three factors on the power consumption were analyzed as well. Through the forementioned experiment and analysis, the optimal association schemes of theclearance between cutter head, machine forward speed and roll rotational speed on powerconsumption were given in the paper, on the premise that the operation requirements (such aspercentage of coverage, the tiling depth, and hack) were fulfilled. It provides the importanttheoretical foundation for further optimal design of parameters for whole machine.
By comparison with routine fertilizer experiments, long—term fixedposition experiments that is an important means by which corn fieldecosystem are studied have many advantages. Experiment was carried outwith flouvo-aguic soils of Huang-Huai-Hai Plain coming from Huadian andJiaobin village of Qihe Shandong Province. Pot experiment, setting six maintreatments of straw combination to fertility and two subsidiary treatments ofsoil texture, were carried out to study the dynamic change of soil properties,translation of potassium form, nutrient balance, activity of soil enzymes andmicrobe species in the condition of wheat/maize rotation system. The effectand mechanism of increase production were also discussed preparatory. Theresult showed: 1 Soil salinity was positive related to the amount of using strawmarkedly, and improved highest by straw combination to fertility. Medium loamsoil was higher than sandy loam soil. In addition, soil salinity were effectedby climate、growing season et al. 2 Straw back to soil improved porosity, reduced soil unit weight and pH,harmonizd ecological condition and created favorable soil environment. 3 Soil organs matter and available nutrient were improved by strawback to soil, and they had the same seasonal dynamic change, highest inJune 2 and lowest in June 22. Soil organs matter and available nutrientdecreased with year, and medium loam soil was higher than sandy loamsoil. 4 Soil non-exchangeable K, water soluble K, specifically absorbed Kand non-specifically absorbed K are all positively related to the amount ofstraw remarkably, while mineral K is negatively correlative. The variant 3 regularity of soil K is that non-exchangeable K and specifically absorbed Kare increasing, but the other forms of K are decreasing. 5 Soil available Zn、Fe、Mn were all positive related to the amount ofusing straw markedly, but soil available Cu was unmarked. Soilmicroelement had the same rule, N1P1M3>N1P1M2>N1P1M1>M2>N1P1M0 > N0P0M0, and they all had evident seasonal change exceptavailable Cu. 6 Soil urease and phosphatase had the same trend, N1P1M3>N1P1M2>N1P1M1>N0P0M2>N1P1M2>N0P0M0, and they were related to the amountof using straw nearly and all positive related to soil organs matter andavailable nutrient markedly. Soil urease and phosphatase decreased withyear. 7 Straw returning increased the quantity of soil bacteria, fungi andactinomycetes, and bacteria>actinomycetes>fungi. The quantity of microbewas least in tillering stage and increased after reviving stage, and cornjointing stage and male tetrad stage were its fastigium. 8 Straw returning increased yield notably, and the effect of mediumloam soil was better. Yield、1000-grain weight、biomass of wheat and spikegrain weight、1000-grain weight of corn were all positive related to theamount of using straw markedly, but plant height、grains/ear、effective/earof wheat and grains/ear、rows per spike of corn were unmarked. 9 Amount of N, P and K absorption increased with the amount of usingstraw, and medium loam soil was higher. Applying the same chemicalfertilizer, soil N was surplus, but soil P and K were waney.
Straw are a crucial source of nutrients in both natural and agricultural ecosystems. It is a very essential method for soil fertility, quality and healthy by amending straw to the soil. The microorganisms in soil play an important role during the process of the straw decomposition after the straw was amended to the soil. The object of our study was an investigation on microorganisms related with cellulose decomposition in straw-amended soil. There are three parts in this study. In the first part, the diversity of soil microbe cultured at different cellulose enrichment culturing conditions was analyzed by molecular technology of DGGE combined with statistical methods of clustering analysis and PCA. Both cluster dendrogram analysis and PCA analysis demonstrated that different cellulose enrichment culturing conditions might cause different effect to the soil microbe. The structure and components of the samples incubated in CMC medium and PCS medium at 50℃showed a relatively high level of similarity, In contrast, those incubated in CMCmedium and J medium were significantly different
Employing nylon net bags, carborundum tubers and plant straw/shoot sections, the decomposition rates and nutrient release patterns of straw returned to the field with different returning methods were studied. Soil fertility and crop yields in the field with straw treatments were examined. The allelopathic effect of rice straw on wheat germination was studied with indoors germination experiments in order to seek the solution to this allelopathic problem and offer practical techniques and gudence to farmers in rice straw mulching areas. The main results were achieved as below: 1. Wheat straw and rape shoot were decomposed much faster at the very beginning and slower at the later stages of the experiment. The wheat straw was easier to decompose than the rape shoot, giving a decomposing rate of 66.18% after 100 d for wheat straw against 55.62% for the rape straw. As for the nutrient release rates, it appeared that K was the fastest and followed by P and N from two types of straws. Within the first 10 d, amount of K released accounted for 98.92% for the wheat straw and 98.74 % for rape shoot, very close to its total content. The study further revealed that amount of K released accounted for 94.76% and 95.93 within 6 d. During the decayed process of wheat straw, the damage of straw tissues occurred predominately at thin parietal cells of fundamental tissue and its vascular bundle, epiderms and mechanical tissue had no evident damage.The fundamental tissue of wheat straw and its vascular bundle remained almost intact within first 50 d and decay was observed thereafter. During the decay process of rape shoot, the decomposition of organization structure started after 10 d. The vascular cambium, phloem fiber, parenchyma and epidermis above the secondary xylem, however, were started to decay and fall off within the first 10 d. 2. Employing nylon net bags and carborundum tubers, the decomposition rates and nutrient release patterns of rice straw in the field with different returning methods were studied. Results showed that rice straw decomposed much faster at the very beginning than at the later stages of the experiment. The straw decayed faster when it was buried into the soil, yielding a decomposition rate of 76.55% after 210 d against 53.50% for the surface mulching straw. Among the three nutrients, release of K from the straw was the fastest, followed by P and N, regardless of returning methods used. Within the first 10 d, amount of K released accounted for 50.32% for the surface mulching straw and 90.13% for the buried straw. When the straw was mixed into the soil, the major form of available N was nitrate (＞80%), with reminders of NH_4~+ and soluble organic nitrogen. Meanwhile, the phenomenon of soil microbes grabbing available N was observed during the first 40 d of straw decomposition and it disappeared thereafter, resulting in net N release from the soil with filtration. After N fertilizer was amended with buried straw, it offset the need of microbes for available N to decompose the buried straw. During the decayed process of rice straw, the damage of tissue structure started from thin parietal cell of fundamental tissue and its vascular bundle, while epiderms and mechanical tissue were not evidently damaged.In the early days of straw returning, the damage of tissue structure for the buried straw was more serious than the mulched. As decay proceeded, the changes in epiderms and mechanical tissue and its vascular bundle were not different btween the two different return methods, after the fundamental tissue of rice straw and its vascular bundle were decomposed. 3. Straw returned to the field enabled to reduce soil bulk density, increased soil porosity, improved soil structure, increased soil available nutrient and crop uptake and finally resulted in yield increases. Soil bulk density was reduced by 0.03g/cm~3 and soil porosity increased by 0.99% compared to the initial data of the experiment. The soil available phosphorus and potassium were increased, especially for potassium. Rice yield was increased by 5.61% with mulching wheat straw, and by 1.31% with mulching rape shoot. Wheat yield was increased by 6.16% and rape yield by 7.08% with mulching rice straw. 4. Allelopathic effect of water soaked rice straw extract on wheat germination was tested. Results showed that the extract significantly depressed germination and elongation of seedling and roots of wheat. It appeared that it showed a stimulating effect of the extract at lower concentrations (0.01 g/ml) and an inhibitory effect at higher concentrations (=0.02g/ml). The inhibition effect was more severe to seedling growth of wheat than its germination. With introduction of plant regulator gibberellin or humic acid to the extract, the inhibitory effect of the extract on wheat germination was relieved. As the concentration of the extract was greater than 0.04g/ml, a serious inhibitory effect was observed and this could not be reversed by addition of gibberelli