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譯文題目： 基于ANSYS的汽車(chē)車(chē)架結(jié)構(gòu)有限元分析
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20xx年 2月 27日
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要求學(xué)生結(jié)合畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）課題參閱一篇以上的外文資料，并翻譯至少一萬(wàn)印刷符（或譯出3千漢字）以上的譯文。譯文原則上要求打?。ㄈ缡謱?xiě)，一律用400字方格稿紙書(shū)寫(xiě)），連同學(xué)校提供的統(tǒng)一封面及英文原文裝訂，于畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）工作開(kāi)始后2周內(nèi)完成，作為成績(jī)考核的一部分。
Automotive safety systems and technology
research and analysis
Auto parts of good and bad will directly affect the safety of the car, are directly related to the people's life safety and security in wealth. This article mainly from the car's active safety technology and passive safety technology two aspects elaborated the importance of car parts, and how to improve the safety of the car.
One．Automobile active security technology
1. ABS braking system
Anti-lock Braking System (Anti-lock Braking System, referred to as ABS) consists of ABS computers, hydraulic device, the wheel speed sensors, brake hydraulic pipeline and electrical wiring etc. Their structures are shown below.
ABS tasseled for the car in various driving conditions braking performance and brake safety particularly important, especially is emergency braking, can make full use of the peak between tire and road surface adhesion properties, improve performance and reduce automobile fight side slip braking distance, give full play to the braking performance, but also increase the automobile braking process control. So as to reduce the possibility of car accidents.
2．the ASR drive torque control system
ABS are used to prevent car braking process wheel lock, will wheel sliding rate control in ideal range, so as to shorten the braking distance, improve automobile braking direction stability and steering control, so as to improve the safety of the car. Along with the increase of vehicle performance requirements, not only in braking process required to prevent wheel lock, and asked the driver to prevent drive roller skating turn in the process, making cars in the direction stability, driving process steering control ability and acceleration performance, so are improved by the car drive torque steering system ASR (Accelerations Slip Regulation) . ASR is the perfect complement and ABS ASR, but most alone is set with ABS combined together, commonly used ABS/ASR says, called anti-skid control system.
ASR is mainly used to prevent car in the beginning, accelerate the wheels, guarantee slip in the car accelerated rate and improve the stability in bad pavement drive attached conditions. It makes no difference speed in the car lock ice roads and muddy road started and to improve its capacity, also can prevent high in speed by turning cars gliding pavement and rear lateral spreads phenomenon.
Anyhow, prevent the wheel because ASR slip, can maximize the engine driving moment of cars ，had enough ensured the longitudinal force, lateral force and manipulation of power, make cars in starting, steering and accelerate the process, in gliding and muddy road, in a mountain area downhill process can steadily driving, guarantees the safety, reducing tire wear and fuel consumption, and improves the car driving capability.
3．VDC system
VDC of steering control system is mainly by driving for each wheel brake control and engine power output control to realize. For example, if the car turn left front wheel for steering the inadequate capacity tend to slip out of the corner, VDC system can measure imminent, just know lateral spreads left rear brake adopt appropriate measures. If at the same corner, because rear wheel tend to slip out of favor of lateral overmuch, VDC system is proper braking to front-right wheel failure, maintain the stability of the vehicle driving. In extreme cases, VDC system can also take reduce engine to reduce the power output, and to reduce the speed of the demand side adhesion ability to maintain the stability of the vehicle driving. Adopt VDC system, automobile in folio pavement or corner of pavement braking distance still can further reduce.
4． CCS cars cruise control system
Auto cruise Control System (Cruiser Control System, abbreviation for CCS) is can make automobile work in engine favorable speed range, reduce driver's driving manipulate labor intensity, improve the driving comfort the automatic driving device.
Car cruising system (CCS) role is required by the driver: after a normally-closed switch, no speed on the accelerator pedal can automatically keep the speed, make the vehicle with the fixed speed. Using this device, when on the highway after a long time, the driver driving not have to control the accelerator pedal, reduce fatigue, while reducing unnecessary speed change, can reduce save fuel.
Two. Automobile passive safety technology
1. Seat belt
Car seat belt is a safety device, it can in car collision or sharp turn, make crew to keep its original position as possible without mobile and rotation, avoid collision with in-car hard parts caused damage. Seat belts and airbags, as modern cars are safety devices, but the long history of the former, popularize the scope.
The seemingly simple seat belt actually not "simple". Attention has been at the forefront of traffic safety, through the analysis of general motors after a car accident found: seat belt not only makes people protect the lives, can be in more than half of the accident to reduce or even eliminate drivers, motorists are the chance of injury. Car collision or unexpected emergency braking force generated great inertia, will allow the driver and passenger and car windscreen, steering wheel, seat, collision happened objects such as secondary to drive is caused extremely easily crew serious damage, even drive occupant seats or threw the apex, seat belts can will ride in the seat. Bondage personnel When has the accident, which can effectively prevent the collision, and its buffer role can absorbs a great deal of kinetic energy, reduce rides personnel extent of the injuries.
2. The airbag
Under the condition of seat belt used in the crew, airbag helps reduce chest, head and facial injuries in the seriousness of the collision. When car collision happened before, the first is the car to stop motion, car under the action of inertial force crews to go forward with the original speed still sport. Not wearing a seat belt crews will and steering dish, front windscreen together, so it can be severely hurt; Wearing a seat belt as car stop the crew can stop moving forward movement and gradually. If collision violent, crew forward movement of the seat belts, even faster in the complete stop before motion, still collide with in-car things together. If this fashion in steering the disk or within the pop up balloon inflated dash, it can protect the occupant reduce the possibility of car together with things, more uniform dispersion head, chest, absorb the impact energy of movement, thus crew has added effect of seat belts.
Three. Automobile active safety new technology
1. Eye Car skills
Eye Car technology can make each driver eyes in the same relative height, guarantee of pavement and the surrounding a six-lane unimpeded sight and best visibility. This technology can also offer a specific driving environment.
2. Cam Car technology
Cam Car technology aims to help improve the driver of perception.
Four. Automobile passive safety new technology
1. Future airbags
(1) It cans inflatable screen system. This is a new safety design; its basic principle is to protect in-car occupant's head, when that happens it will carry on the air, air after the tent shape is swelling.
(2) Tubular inflatable structure head air sac. This system for supplement current side protection system, still stopover in protecting the chest ,and abdomen, arm, to head protection were insufficient. It with rigid body structure, the door body protective just beams, side air sac, can form a complete side safe defend net, this will be the future security protection trend.
(3) Head support system. Head support system generally called the headrest, vehicles which the headrest, with seats, not just for comfortable fact is more important to safety. Vehicle if in an emergency brake, the body will have strong to and fro, because the principle of inertia occupant body swinging, especially neck must follow. If no head support buffer headrest, neck injury caused by damage is very surprising.
(4) The external airbags.
2. Adaptive constraint technology system (ARTS)
New adaptive constraint technology system (ARTS) use a series of sensors to monitor the driver seat, seat belt use, in front of the occupant take quality and location and intensity of the collision of the collisions and collision force direction, then according to the specific information such as the collision of each front airbag characteristics of the crew on regulated. The system can further reduce due to improper airbag for crew on the damage, especially for smaller front row figure crew.
3. Automobile energy-absorbing direction column
Automobile energy-absorbing direction column through collisions of redistribution to steering wheel wallop, would wallop path to deliver shunt quickly, making the minimum of load on the steering wheel. The steering column by hollow tubes and steering bearings form. Traditional hollow tubes and the steering column steering bearings is integral, steering shaft top and steering connections, the connecting with direction below. And suck can direction string of characteristic is will the steering column in two, divided into unblock steering column and the steering column under two parts; Inside of the steering shaft also divided into two sections, with outgoing quarter agencies between them connected. Once a collision make direction, outgoing quarter mechanism has displacement bottom tailor-made steering shaft will fold, under the steering column move on the steering column, to achieve "indented within" and thus expand space reduce damage.
Five. The tire pressure monitoring system
How to prevent a blowout has become an important task of safe driving. According to the national quality supervise center of rubber tires in the expert analysis, maintain the standard tire pressure driving and the timely discovery tire is the key to prevent puncture. Tire Pressure and Monitoring System (TPMS) - car Tire Pressure Monitoring System will no doubt is the ideal tool. The system is mainly used in automobile driving to tire pressure real-time automatic monitoring; to a flat tire and depression are the police, in order to ensure safety.
Drivers from the monitors can know each tire pressure value, when tire pressure below the club set pressure limit, monitor will automatically alarm.
Anyhow, car active safety technology and passive safety technology for the safety of automobile driving is very important, and besides, such as environmental factor, artificial factor of the vehicle safety is also very important. Therefore, we must be prepared to all aspects of requirements and technology, to ensure the safety of vehicle driving.
汽車(chē)安全系統(tǒng)技術(shù)研究與分析
汽車(chē)零部件的好壞將直接影響到汽車(chē)的安全，直接關(guān)系到人民群眾的生命安全和財(cái)產(chǎn)安全。本文主要從汽車(chē)的主動(dòng)安全技術(shù)和被動(dòng)安全技術(shù)兩個(gè)方面闡述了汽車(chē)零部件的重要性，以及如何提高汽車(chē)的安全性。
一、汽車(chē)主動(dòng)安全技術(shù)
1．ABS防抱死制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)
防抱死制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)(防抱死制動(dòng)系統(tǒng),簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)ABS)由制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)、液壓裝置、車(chē)輪速度傳感器、制動(dòng)液壓管路及電氣接線等組成。其結(jié)構(gòu)如下。
ABS系統(tǒng)的汽車(chē)在各種行駛條件下的制動(dòng)性能和制動(dòng)安全尤為重要，特別是緊急制動(dòng)，能充分利用輪胎表面和道路之間的峰值粘附性能，提高汽車(chē)抗側(cè)滑性能并縮短制動(dòng)距離，充分發(fā)揮制動(dòng)性能，同時(shí)也增加了汽車(chē)制動(dòng)過(guò)程的控制。從而減少汽車(chē)事故的可能性。
2. ASR驅(qū)動(dòng)扭矩控制系統(tǒng)
汽車(chē)制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)是防止汽車(chē)制動(dòng)過(guò)程車(chē)輪鎖死，將車(chē)輪的滑動(dòng)速度控制在理想的范圍內(nèi)，從而縮短制動(dòng)距離，提高汽車(chē)制動(dòng)方向穩(wěn)定性和轉(zhuǎn)向操縱性，從而提高汽車(chē)的安全性。隨著對(duì)汽車(chē)性能要求的提高，不僅要求在制動(dòng)過(guò)程中防止車(chē)輪鎖死，并且要求司機(jī)在駕駛過(guò)程中防止驅(qū)動(dòng)輪滑轉(zhuǎn)，使汽車(chē)在驅(qū)動(dòng)過(guò)程中的方向穩(wěn)定性、轉(zhuǎn)向控制能力和加速性能都得到提高，所以都是通過(guò)汽車(chē)驅(qū)動(dòng)扭矩轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)ASR（加速度滑差調(diào)節(jié)）改進(jìn)的。ASR是ABS的完善和補(bǔ)充，但大多數(shù)單獨(dú)設(shè)置的ASR與ABS結(jié)合在一起，常用ABS/ASR表示，稱(chēng)為防滑控制系統(tǒng)。
ASR主要用來(lái)防止汽車(chē)在起步、加速時(shí)的車(chē)輪滑轉(zhuǎn)，保證汽車(chē)在滑加速率的穩(wěn)定性并改善在不良路面附著條件驅(qū)動(dòng)。它能使得汽車(chē)在冰雪道路和泥濘道路上以無(wú)差異速度開(kāi)始并且提高其承載能力，也能防止高速行駛的車(chē)輛通過(guò)滑動(dòng)路面時(shí)時(shí)汽車(chē)后部的側(cè)滑現(xiàn)象。
總之，由于ASR防止了車(chē)輪的滑轉(zhuǎn)，可以最大限度地提高汽車(chē)的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)力矩，充分保證了汽車(chē)的縱向力、側(cè)向力和操縱力，使汽車(chē)在起動(dòng)、轉(zhuǎn)向和加速過(guò)程中，在滑動(dòng)和泥濘的道路，在山區(qū)下坡過(guò)程中都能穩(wěn)定地行駛，保證安全，減少輪胎磨損和燃料消耗，提高汽車(chē)駕駛能力。
3． VDC系統(tǒng)
VDC轉(zhuǎn)向控制系統(tǒng)主要是通過(guò)驅(qū)動(dòng)每個(gè)車(chē)輪的制動(dòng)控制和發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)輸出功率控制來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的。例如，如果汽車(chē)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)左前輪由于轉(zhuǎn)向能力不足而容易滑出彎道，VDC系統(tǒng)便可測(cè)出側(cè)滑即將發(fā)生，可以?xún)H僅憑借知道側(cè)滑左后制動(dòng)就采取適當(dāng)措施。如果在同一個(gè)彎道，因?yàn)楹筝嗂呌趥?cè)向滑出過(guò)多，VDC系統(tǒng)就會(huì)采取適當(dāng)?shù)闹苿?dòng)右前輪的辦法，維持穩(wěn)定的車(chē)輛駕駛。在極端的情況下，VDC系統(tǒng)還可采取降低發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的輸出功率來(lái)降低行駛車(chē)速，并降低速度的側(cè)向附著能力的需求保持穩(wěn)定的車(chē)輛駕駛。采用VDC系統(tǒng)，汽車(chē)在對(duì)開(kāi)路面或彎道路面上的制動(dòng)距離還可以進(jìn)一步減短。
4. CCS汽車(chē)巡航控制系統(tǒng)
汽車(chē)巡航控制系統(tǒng)（巡航控制系統(tǒng)，簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)CCS）是可以使汽車(chē)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)工作在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)良好的速度范圍內(nèi)，減少駕駛員操縱疲勞強(qiáng)度，提高駕駛舒適性的自動(dòng)駕駛裝置。
汽車(chē)巡航系統(tǒng)（CCS）的作用是：按司機(jī)所要求的常閉開(kāi)關(guān)之后，不用踩油門(mén)踏板就可以自動(dòng)保持汽車(chē)行駛車(chē)速，使車(chē)輛以固定的速度行駛。在高速公路上長(zhǎng)時(shí)間使用該裝置后，駕駛者不必控制油門(mén)踏板，減少疲勞，同時(shí)減少不必要的速度變化，可減少燃油消耗。
二、汽車(chē)被動(dòng)安全技術(shù)
1．安全帶
汽車(chē)安全帶是一種安全裝置，它能在汽車(chē)碰撞或急轉(zhuǎn)彎時(shí)，使機(jī)組保持其原有的位置，盡可能不移動(dòng)和旋轉(zhuǎn)，避免在汽車(chē)碰撞時(shí)造成損壞。座椅安全帶和安全氣囊，同是作為現(xiàn)代汽車(chē)的安全裝置，但是前者的歷史悠久，普及范圍廣。
看似簡(jiǎn)單的安全帶其實(shí)并非“簡(jiǎn)單”。注意力在交通安全的最前沿，通過(guò)對(duì)通用汽車(chē)再一次事故中的調(diào)查分析發(fā)現(xiàn)：安全帶不僅能保護(hù)人們的生命，而且能在一半以上的事故中減少甚至消除駕駛者，乘車(chē)者受傷的機(jī)會(huì)。汽車(chē)碰撞或突發(fā)緊急制動(dòng)時(shí)會(huì)產(chǎn)生很大的慣性作用力，將會(huì)使司機(jī)、乘客、汽車(chē)擋風(fēng)玻璃、轉(zhuǎn)向盤(pán)、座椅之間發(fā)生二次碰撞，這是極其容易造成很?chē)?yán)重的傷害，甚至將駕乘員拋離座位或拋出車(chē)外，而安全帶能將駕乘人員束縛在座位上。當(dāng)有事故發(fā)生時(shí)，可以有效地防止碰撞，而且它的緩沖作用能吸收大量動(dòng)能，減少乘坐人員受傷的程度。
2．安全氣囊
在乘員使用座椅安全帶的情況下，氣囊有助于在嚴(yán)重性的碰撞中減少胸部，頭部和面部的傷害。當(dāng)汽車(chē)發(fā)生碰撞的時(shí)候，首先是汽車(chē)停止運(yùn)動(dòng)，汽車(chē)在慣性力的作用下迫使乘員以原來(lái)的速度向前運(yùn)動(dòng)。不系安全帶的乘員將與轉(zhuǎn)向盤(pán)、前擋風(fēng)玻璃發(fā)生碰撞，因此它可以造成嚴(yán)重傷害；系安全帶的乘員將隨著汽車(chē)停止運(yùn)動(dòng)而逐漸停止向前運(yùn)動(dòng)。如果碰撞劇烈，系著安全帶的乘員向前運(yùn)動(dòng)的速度更快，在運(yùn)動(dòng)停止之前仍然毀于車(chē)內(nèi)的東西發(fā)生碰撞。如果此時(shí)裝在轉(zhuǎn)向盤(pán)或儀表板內(nèi)的充氣氣囊彈出，它就可以保護(hù)乘員并減少乘員與汽車(chē)碰撞的可能性，更均勻的分散頭、胸的沖擊力，吸收乘員的沖擊能量，因此給乘員安全帶起到增值效應(yīng)。
三、汽車(chē)主動(dòng)安全新技術(shù)
1．Eye Car技術(shù)
Eye Car技術(shù)可以使每一個(gè)司機(jī)眼睛處于同樣的相對(duì)高度，保證提供一個(gè)對(duì)路面和周?chē)?chē)道的無(wú)阻礙視線和最佳能見(jiàn)度。這項(xiàng)技術(shù)還可以提供特定的駕駛環(huán)境。和最好的能見(jiàn)度。
2． Cam Car技術(shù)
Cam Car技術(shù)旨在幫助提高駕駛員的感知能力。
四、汽車(chē)被動(dòng)安全新技術(shù)
1．未來(lái)安全氣囊
（1）充氣式屏幕系統(tǒng)。這是一種新的安全設(shè)計(jì)，它的基本原理是在汽車(chē)乘員的頭部保護(hù)，當(dāng)碰撞發(fā)生時(shí)，它就會(huì)進(jìn)行充氣，充氣后的形狀呈帳篷狀。
（2）管狀充氣結(jié)構(gòu)頭部空氣囊。本系統(tǒng)為補(bǔ)充現(xiàn)有的側(cè)面保護(hù)系統(tǒng)，仍停留在保護(hù)胸部、腹部、臂部，但是對(duì)于頭部的保護(hù)比較不足。它采用車(chē)身剛體結(jié)構(gòu)，門(mén)體防護(hù)梁、側(cè)氣囊，可形成完整的側(cè)邊安全防護(hù)網(wǎng)，這將是未來(lái)的安全保護(hù)趨勢(shì)。
（3）頭部支撐系統(tǒng)。頭部支撐系統(tǒng)一般稱(chēng)為頭枕，汽車(chē)座椅的頭枕不僅僅是為了乘員的舒適實(shí)際上更重要的是為了乘員的安全。車(chē)輛如果在緊急制動(dòng)情況，車(chē)身會(huì)有很強(qiáng)烈的往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)，因?yàn)閼T性原理乘員的身體會(huì)跟隨車(chē)身擺動(dòng)，尤其是對(duì)于脖子來(lái)說(shuō)。如果沒(méi)有緩沖頭枕對(duì)頭部的支撐，頸部受傷所引起的傷害是非常令人驚訝的。
（4）外部安全氣囊。
2．自適應(yīng)約束技術(shù)系統(tǒng)（ARTS）
全新的自適應(yīng)約束技術(shù)系統(tǒng)（ARTS）使用了一系列的傳感器來(lái)監(jiān)測(cè)駕駛員座椅位置、安全帶的使用情況，以及前排乘員的乘坐質(zhì)量和乘坐位置以及發(fā)生碰撞時(shí)的碰撞強(qiáng)度和碰撞力的方向等，然后根據(jù)這些具體的信息，例如各前氣囊的特點(diǎn)，對(duì)乘員的安全。該系統(tǒng)可以進(jìn)一步減少由于不適當(dāng)?shù)陌踩珰饽覍?duì)乘員的傷害，特別是對(duì)于身材較小的乘員。
3．汽車(chē)吸能方向管柱
汽車(chē)吸能方向管柱通過(guò)碰撞再分配傳到方向盤(pán)上的沖擊力，沖擊力路徑提供分流快，使得方向盤(pán)上的負(fù)載最小。轉(zhuǎn)向柱由空心管和轉(zhuǎn)向軸承組成。傳統(tǒng)的空心管和轉(zhuǎn)向柱導(dǎo)向軸承是整體式的，轉(zhuǎn)向軸頂部與方向盤(pán)連接，下端與方向器連接。吸能方向管柱的特點(diǎn)是將整體式轉(zhuǎn)向柱，分為上轉(zhuǎn)向柱和下轉(zhuǎn)向柱兩部分；里面的轉(zhuǎn)向軸也分為兩部分，用萬(wàn)向節(jié)機(jī)構(gòu)之連接。一旦發(fā)生碰撞使方向機(jī)構(gòu)產(chǎn)生位移，外向節(jié)下端特制的轉(zhuǎn)向軸會(huì)折疊，上轉(zhuǎn)向管柱移入下轉(zhuǎn)向管柱內(nèi)，達(dá)到“縮進(jìn)”，從而擴(kuò)大空間，減少損失。
五、胎壓力監(jiān)視系統(tǒng)
如何防止爆胎已經(jīng)成為安全駕駛的重要任務(wù)。據(jù)國(guó)家橡膠輪胎質(zhì)量監(jiān)督中心的專(zhuān)家分析，保持標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的輪胎壓力驅(qū)動(dòng)和及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)輪胎漏氣是防止爆胎的關(guān)鍵。輪胎壓力監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)（TPMS)----汽車(chē)輪胎壓力監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)無(wú)疑是理想的工具。該系統(tǒng)主要用于在汽車(chē)行駛時(shí)對(duì)輪胎壓力的實(shí)時(shí)自動(dòng)監(jiān)測(cè)；對(duì)輪胎漏氣和低氣壓進(jìn)行警報(bào)，以保證行車(chē)安全。
駕駛?cè)丝梢詮谋O(jiān)視器上知道每一個(gè)輪胎壓力值，當(dāng)輪胎壓力低于該規(guī)定的氣壓下限時(shí)，顯示器會(huì)自動(dòng)報(bào)警。
總之，汽車(chē)主動(dòng)安全技術(shù)和被動(dòng)安全技術(shù)對(duì)汽車(chē)駕駛的安全性是非常重要的，此外，如環(huán)境因素、人為因素對(duì)汽車(chē)行駛的安全性也很重要。因此，我們必須準(zhǔn)備好各方面的要求和技術(shù)，以保證車(chē)輛行駛的安全性。