1743_鋼筋切斷機(jī)仿真設(shè)計(jì)
1743_鋼筋切斷機(jī)仿真設(shè)計(jì),鋼筋,切斷,割斷,仿真,設(shè)計(jì)
南昌航空大學(xué)科技學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文鋼筋切斷機(jī)仿真設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)生姓名:涂志軍 班級(jí):078105119指導(dǎo)老師:邢普摘 要:鋼筋切斷機(jī)是一種廣泛應(yīng)用于機(jī)械制造、建筑等行業(yè)中的重要工具,隨著科技的進(jìn)步和加工要求的不斷提高,現(xiàn)有的鋼筋切斷機(jī)己逐漸不能適應(yīng)用戶的新需求,目前鋼筋切斷機(jī)還有待于進(jìn)一步全面深入的研究。降低成本、增加新功能、提高自動(dòng)化水平等將成為鋼筋切斷機(jī)今后發(fā)展的方向。針對(duì)鋼筋切斷機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)和生產(chǎn)的現(xiàn)狀,進(jìn)行了生產(chǎn)加工狀況、常見故障及關(guān)鍵問題的調(diào)查,然后使用有限元及虛擬樣機(jī)技術(shù)對(duì)鋼筋切斷機(jī)三維模型進(jìn)行結(jié)構(gòu)靜力學(xué)分析、動(dòng)力學(xué)分析,進(jìn)而提出改進(jìn)方案。借助先進(jìn)的 Pro/E, ANSYS 和 ADAMS 軟件聯(lián)合仿真,建立了鋼筋切斷機(jī)模型,并實(shí)現(xiàn)了其運(yùn)動(dòng)仿真,通過對(duì)箱體模烈做有限元分析,提出了改進(jìn)方案并證明了改進(jìn)方案的可行。利用 LS-DYNA 仿真鋼筋切斷機(jī)剪切鋼筋的動(dòng)態(tài)過程.關(guān)鍵詞:鋼筋切斷機(jī) 建筑 齒輪 指導(dǎo)老師簽名: 南昌航空大學(xué)科技學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文type steel cutting machines’designingStudent name:Tu Zhijun Class:078105119Supervisor:Xing PUAbstract:The Reinforcing Steel Cutter is an important instrument used widely in the machinery manufactures and construction industries. With technologies being improved and more requires asked, users aren't content with the existing Reinforcing Steel Cutter. It needs further and deeply researching now Its directions will be reducing cost, adding new features and improving the automation level.Aim at the design and production status of the Reinforcing Steel Cutter, Study the common faults and key issues. Next, propose improvement scheme by analyzing static structure and dynamics of three-dimensional model of the Reinforcing Steel Cutter with the FEM technology and VP technology.Co-simulation by virtue of the advanced softwares Pro/E, ANSYS and ADAMS, establish a model of the steel cutting machine and achieve its motion simulation. Present improvement schemes and prove their feasibility through doing finite element analysis on the case model. Keywords : Reinforcing Steel Cutter architectural gear Signature 0f Supervisor: 南昌航空大學(xué)科技學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文目 錄1. 引言.....................................................................................................................................11.1 概述....................................................................................................................................11.2 題目的選取........................................................................................................................11.3 鋼筋切斷機(jī)的原理............................................................................................................12. 電機(jī)選擇............................................................................................................................22.1 切斷鋼筋需用力計(jì)算........................................................................................................22.2 功率計(jì)算............................................................................................................................33. 傳動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)..................................................................................................................53.1 基本傳動(dòng)數(shù)據(jù)計(jì)算............................................................................................................53.1.1 分配傳動(dòng)比......................................................................................................................53.1.2 計(jì)算機(jī)構(gòu)各軸的運(yùn)動(dòng)及動(dòng)力參數(shù) ......................................................................... 53.2 帶傳動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)........................................................................................................................63.2.1 帶型的確定......................................................................................................................63.2.2 帶輪基準(zhǔn)直徑..................................................................................................................63.2.3 帶速的確定......................................................................................................................63.2.4 中心距、帶長(zhǎng)及包角的確定..........................................................................................63.2.5 確定帶的根數(shù)..................................................................................................................73.2.6 張緊力............................................................................................................................. 73.2.7 作用在軸上的載荷..........................................................................................................73.2.8 帶輪結(jié)構(gòu)與尺寸見零件圖..............................................................................................73.3 齒輪傳動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)....................................................................................................................83.3.1 第一級(jí)齒輪傳動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì)......................................................................................................83.3.2 第二級(jí)齒輪傳動(dòng)設(shè)計(jì).....................................................................................................123.4 軸的校核...........................................................................................................................153.4.1 一軸的校核.....................................................................................................................153.4.2 三軸的校核.....................................................................................................................193.5 平鍵的校核.......................................................................................................................223.6 軸承的校核..........................................................................................................................233.6.1 初選軸承型號(hào).................................................................................................................233.6.2 壽命計(jì)算.........................................................................................................................244.模型的建立及其運(yùn)動(dòng)仿真...........................................................................................274.1 Pro/E 簡(jiǎn)介........................................................................................................................274.1.1 基于特征.....................................................................................................................274.1.2 參數(shù)化設(shè)計(jì).................................................................................................................274.2 基本結(jié)構(gòu)............................................................................................................................274.3 鋼筋切斷機(jī)模型的建立....................................................................................................284.3.1 箱體模型的建立...........................................................................................................284.3.2 齒輪及齒輪軸模型的建立............................................................................................28 南昌航空大學(xué)科技學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文4.3.3 其他零部件模型的建立................................................................................................304.4 虛擬裝配..............................................................................................................................364.4.1 模塊化的虛擬裝配........................................................................................................364.4.2 裝配過程中出現(xiàn)的常見問題及解決方法...................................................................364.5 運(yùn)動(dòng)仿真..............................................................................................................................374.5.1 建立運(yùn)動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)仿真的一般步驟.......................................................................................384.5.2 鋼筋切斷機(jī)運(yùn)動(dòng)仿真實(shí)現(xiàn)................................................................................................384.5.3 保存結(jié)果............................................................................................................................404.6 本章小結(jié)................................................................................................................................415. 總結(jié)................................................................................................................................42參考文獻(xiàn)..................................................................................................................................43致謝............................................................................................................................................44 南昌航空大學(xué)科技學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文11. 引言1.1 概述鋼筋切斷機(jī)是一種建筑機(jī)械,是鋼筋加工必不可少的設(shè)備之一,它主要用于房建筑、橋梁、隧道、電站、大型水利等工程中對(duì)鋼筋的定長(zhǎng)切斷。相對(duì)而言其本身具有重量輕、耗能少、工作可靠、效率高等特點(diǎn),因此,近年來(lái)逐步被建筑工地和小型軋鋼廠等單位廣泛采用,在國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)中發(fā)揮了重要的作用。改革開放三十年,我國(guó)的國(guó)計(jì)民生得到了長(zhǎng)足的發(fā)展,建筑業(yè)和制造業(yè)規(guī)模都不斷地?cái)U(kuò)大,但在個(gè)別方面我們和西方發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家依然有不小的差距。制造業(yè)是國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的基礎(chǔ)行業(yè),也是高新技術(shù)發(fā)展的支撐,隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的不斷推進(jìn)、機(jī)械制造業(yè)的飛速發(fā)展,新的技術(shù)變革悄然興起。近年來(lái),一些傳統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)、生產(chǎn)方法受到了挑戰(zhàn),傳統(tǒng)生產(chǎn)方式僅依靠二維圖紙先生產(chǎn)出樣品,經(jīng)反復(fù)試驗(yàn)、改進(jìn),然后才‘投入批量生產(chǎn)的方法逐漸被現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)生產(chǎn)模式取代。隨著現(xiàn)代科技的發(fā)展,計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)己經(jīng)滲透到機(jī)械發(fā)展的各個(gè)行業(yè)中,該項(xiàng)技術(shù)的介入,也大大加快了機(jī)械行業(yè)的發(fā)展,而且計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)已成為該領(lǐng)域的一個(gè)研究熱點(diǎn),與計(jì)算機(jī)輔助制造、計(jì)算機(jī)輔助工藝設(shè)計(jì)在行業(yè)中共同發(fā)揮著很大的作用。近年來(lái),計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)、訓(xùn)一算機(jī)輔助制造等技術(shù)在很多領(lǐng)域得到了深入的展,但由于鋼筋切斷機(jī)生產(chǎn)廠家規(guī)模不大,結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單,技術(shù)含量低等原因,三維建模、虛擬樣機(jī)技術(shù)、有限元分析等先進(jìn)的計(jì)算機(jī)輔助技術(shù)很少用到鋼筋切斷機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)生產(chǎn)過程中。本文充分利用成熟的計(jì)算機(jī)仿真技術(shù)對(duì)鋼筋切斷機(jī)的箱體、剪切機(jī)構(gòu)及減速機(jī)構(gòu)計(jì)算分析,將使鋼筋切斷機(jī)的質(zhì)量、壽命得到提高,并降低成本及提高其可靠性。1.2 題目的選取本次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的任務(wù)是臥式鋼筋切斷機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)。其主要參數(shù)為:切斷鋼筋直徑(mm): 60 鋼筋抗拉強(qiáng)度(MPa): 450兩刀刃的最大開口距(mm): 65; 最小開口距(mm): 13剪切次數(shù)(次/分) : 27/58; 總速比: 50.6/l07曲軸偏心距(mm): 26; 連桿長(zhǎng)度 (mm): 300電機(jī)功率(kW)/電壓(v)/轉(zhuǎn)速(r/min): 7.5/380/2900 南昌航空大學(xué)科技學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文2外形尺寸: 1500*660* 915整機(jī)重量(kg) =1Dia=0.38*M 南昌航空大學(xué)科技學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文30ENDIFD22 =36012R3 二 Z 一 1Dn=360/(2*Z)設(shè)置齒輪尺寸關(guān)系后,Pro/E 草繪環(huán)境中所畫的四個(gè)基本參照?qǐng)A將分別代表齒輪的齒頂圓、分度圓、基圓和齒根圓。(3)為笛卡爾坐標(biāo)系輸入?yún)?shù)方程生成漸開線,然后建立輔助的基準(zhǔn)軸和基準(zhǔn)面,鏡像漸開線,經(jīng)過拉伸等操作最終生成齒輪模型的第一個(gè)齒。輸入的參數(shù)方程為匯‘’ 〕:r=DB/2theta=t*45x=r* cos(theta)+r* sin(theta)*theta* pi/ 180Y=r* sin(theta)一 r* cos(theta)*theta* pi/ 180z=0就建成了把生成的齒經(jīng)過陣列,添加軸孔、倒角等特征后,一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的齒輪模型。如圖所示:當(dāng)?shù)谝粋€(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)齒輪模型建成以后,其他齒輪模型就可以通過改變齒數(shù)、模數(shù)、壓力角等參數(shù)的方式直接生成。4.3.3 其他零部件模型的建立 南昌航空大學(xué)科技學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文31其他零部件,例如曲柄滑塊、刀具、刀座、飛輪及軸承等的模型,利用 Pro/E中的一些基本功能就可以輕松建成,在此不再詳述。 南昌航空大學(xué)科技學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文32 南昌航空大學(xué)科技學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文33 南昌航空大學(xué)科技學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文34 南昌航空大學(xué)科技學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文35 南昌航空大學(xué)科技學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文364.4 虛擬裝配在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中,幾乎所有的產(chǎn)品都不是單一零件獨(dú)立形成的,都是由多個(gè)零件通過一定的裝配關(guān)系組合生成的。Pro/E 在虛擬裝配方面的表現(xiàn)非常優(yōu)秀,充分體現(xiàn)了作為大型設(shè)計(jì)軟件所擁有的強(qiáng)大功能。鋼筋切斷機(jī)的虛擬裝配就是在前面建模的基礎(chǔ)上,按照模塊化的思想、自頂向下的原則,根據(jù)鋼筋切斷機(jī)的總裝圖,把所建立的箱體、齒輪系等模型按照 Pro/E 中裝配模塊提供的匹配、對(duì)齊、插入、坐標(biāo)系等約束類型和剛性、銷釘?shù)冗B接類型完成鋼筋切斷機(jī)的虛擬裝配。4.4.1 模塊化的虛擬裝配鋼筋切斷機(jī)的虛擬裝配過程中,如果像砌墻一樣逐個(gè)地添加零件,上層零部件的參照關(guān)系就會(huì)疊加起來(lái)依賴于下層零部件,一旦中間某個(gè)零件出現(xiàn)問題,就會(huì)出現(xiàn)前功盡棄的現(xiàn)象,并且安裝過程中,容易漏裝、錯(cuò)裝零件。因此,按照模塊化的思想,將鋼筋切斷機(jī)工作工程中相對(duì)靜止的零件組合成多個(gè)小的模塊,然后將這些小模塊組合成一個(gè)整體,這種方法更科學(xué)、更合理。本文中把鋼筋切斷機(jī)先分為箱體模塊、主動(dòng)軸系模塊、從動(dòng)軸系模塊和曲柄滑塊模塊等多個(gè)模塊,然后再將各模塊裝配起來(lái)。(1)鋼筋切斷機(jī)的減速齒輪系及齒輪軸都是安裝在箱體模型內(nèi)部的,如果直接將建立的齒輪模型及齒輪軸模型往上箱體裝配,不但虛擬裝配過程中因視角問題給裝配帶來(lái)困難,而且由于齒輪等零部件模型都在箱體內(nèi)部,將會(huì)致使裝配完成的鋼筋切斷機(jī)模型不夠直觀,為了能夠更好的看清楚完整的裝配模型以及運(yùn)動(dòng)仿真時(shí)模型的運(yùn)動(dòng)情況,在裝配之前先要把箱體模型進(jìn)行截面剖視。剖視的箱體模型如圖所示:(2)其余模塊的裝配。裝配過程中要嚴(yán)格按照 Pro/E 的約束規(guī)則,否則容易出現(xiàn)約束不完整以及后期的運(yùn)動(dòng)干涉現(xiàn)象。主動(dòng)軸系模塊、從動(dòng)軸系模塊和曲柄滑塊等模塊。在傳統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)方法中,往往首先設(shè)計(jì)出零件,然后組合己有的元件以組成一個(gè)裝配體,這是一種自底向上的裝配體方法。這種方法使最終裝配體的形成受制于己有零件的特征隨著現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)方法的發(fā)展以及設(shè)計(jì)觀念的更新,自頂向下的裝配體設(shè)計(jì)概念成為了必然發(fā)展的趨勢(shì)。例如在本文中箱體的參數(shù)和基準(zhǔn)特征直接影響了其他幾個(gè)模塊 南昌航空大學(xué)科技學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文37的參數(shù),如果下級(jí)模塊參數(shù)有錯(cuò)誤,在給箱體模塊添加其他零部件模塊的裝配過程中就可能有干涉現(xiàn)象產(chǎn)生,導(dǎo)致裝配模型有誤,進(jìn)而影響分析結(jié)果的準(zhǔn)確性。4.4.2 裝配過程中出現(xiàn)的常見問題及解決方法當(dāng)裝配好一個(gè)模塊后,操作“應(yīng)用程序/機(jī)構(gòu)”時(shí)就經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)“沒有定義的已加亮兩個(gè)主體連接。如果繼續(xù)將被隱藏”的提示,如果點(diǎn)擊“繼續(xù)’夕,就會(huì)把虛擬裝配中用來(lái)設(shè)置連接的軸線隱藏掉而導(dǎo)致無(wú)法添加齒輪副連接、電動(dòng)機(jī)等。要解決這個(gè)問題,首先:裝配一個(gè)模塊時(shí),例如從動(dòng)軸模塊,在導(dǎo)入第一個(gè)零件“從動(dòng)軸”時(shí),不能采用“缺省”參照約束,要設(shè)置為“銷釘”連接,并且在此之前先要?jiǎng)?chuàng)建一個(gè)基準(zhǔn)軸,為軸對(duì)齊約束做好準(zhǔn)備。其次,在往軸_卜裝配齒輪時(shí),不能采用傳統(tǒng)的“銷釘”連接,要用“剛性/對(duì)齊” 。因?yàn)辇X輪和鍵之間的連接約束采用的是“剛性”連接,如果招個(gè)連接中既有“俏釘”又有“剛性”就產(chǎn)生了約束上的兀余,因此添加齒輪時(shí)兩個(gè)約束集都要采用“剛性”連接的方式。把各個(gè)模塊裝配到箱體模型上面,鋼筋切斷機(jī)模型的虛擬裝配基本完成,再將固定刀座裝配到箱體模型上,至此,鋼筋切斷機(jī)模型如圖所示:4.5 運(yùn)動(dòng)仿真鋼筋機(jī)的運(yùn)動(dòng)仿真要用到 Pro/E 中的結(jié)構(gòu)模塊,該模塊既能對(duì)鋼筋切斷機(jī)進(jìn)行運(yùn)動(dòng) 南昌航空大學(xué)科技學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文38仿真又能實(shí)現(xiàn)其結(jié)構(gòu)分析,是 Pro/E 中一個(gè)功能強(qiáng)大的模塊。當(dāng)鋼筋切斷機(jī)各個(gè)零件通過虛擬裝置裝備組裝成一個(gè)完整的機(jī)構(gòu)以后,就可以在 Pro/E 中直接啟動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)動(dòng)分析模塊,根據(jù)分析意圖定義機(jī)構(gòu)中的連接,設(shè)置伺服電機(jī),運(yùn)行機(jī)構(gòu)分析,觀察機(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)行的過程是否正確,檢查機(jī)械干涉,還可以進(jìn)行各種測(cè)量,最后把分析的結(jié)果保存至影片的形式。4.5.1 建立運(yùn)動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)仿真的一般步驟(1)建立模型,進(jìn)入裝配模塊,建立一個(gè)裝配模型文件,進(jìn)行機(jī)械仿真運(yùn)動(dòng)模塊。(2)對(duì)機(jī)構(gòu)中的連接進(jìn)行定義。(3)在機(jī)構(gòu)中添加伺服電機(jī)。(4)進(jìn)行機(jī)構(gòu)分析,保存分析結(jié)果,制作動(dòng)畫仿真。(5)觀察機(jī)構(gòu)中的軌跡曲線和運(yùn)動(dòng)包絡(luò)。(6)對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)中的關(guān)鍵物理量進(jìn)行測(cè)量。4.5.2 鋼筋切斷機(jī)運(yùn)動(dòng)仿真實(shí)現(xiàn)1)齒輪的嚙合鋼筋切斷機(jī)虛擬裝配完成后,在實(shí)現(xiàn)運(yùn)動(dòng)仿真前,先要使傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)中的齒輪之間進(jìn)行正確嚙合。通過凸輪按鈕在“凸輪從動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)定義”中設(shè)置,通過選擇齒輪嚙合面相切,使齒輪之間正確的嚙合。因?yàn)檠b配過程中,Pro/E 軟件不能自動(dòng)把齒輪正確的嚙合起來(lái),所以要通過設(shè)置齒面相切使其嚙合起來(lái),否則會(huì)出現(xiàn)干涉現(xiàn)象。如果發(fā)現(xiàn)某個(gè)齒輪因參數(shù)輸入錯(cuò)誤而造成齒輪直徑過大或過小,導(dǎo)致無(wú)法正確裝配,只需要在Proe/E 中把相關(guān)的齒輪模塊打開,修正相應(yīng)的參數(shù)并保存,系統(tǒng)會(huì)直接與已經(jīng)裝配好的組件相關(guān)聯(lián)自動(dòng)調(diào)整過來(lái)。2)運(yùn)動(dòng)仿真完成正確齒輪仿真嚙合后,由齒輪連接按鈕進(jìn)行齒輪副的連接設(shè)置,齒輪連接設(shè)置以后,還有要把連桿和滑塊之間設(shè)置連接,滑塊與箱體之間設(shè)置連接。當(dāng)全部連接定義完成以后,通過按鈕給鋼筋切斷機(jī)模型添加電動(dòng)機(jī),在類型選項(xiàng)卡中選擇電動(dòng)機(jī)添加的運(yùn)動(dòng)曲線,在輪廓選項(xiàng)卡中設(shè)定電動(dòng)機(jī)的運(yùn)動(dòng)速度及其運(yùn)動(dòng)類型。完成電動(dòng)機(jī)設(shè)置以后在機(jī)構(gòu)分析按鈕中設(shè)置運(yùn)動(dòng)的類型和運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)間等等,最后通過回放按鈕進(jìn)行碰撞檢測(cè)類型的設(shè)置并將其運(yùn)動(dòng)過程制作成動(dòng)畫保存下來(lái)。全部定義完成后飛鋼筋切斷機(jī)模型如圖: 南昌航空大學(xué)科技學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文393)干涉檢驗(yàn)干涉檢驗(yàn)技術(shù)是計(jì)算機(jī)圖形學(xué)中的一項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵技術(shù),在虛擬裝配,虛擬手術(shù).機(jī)器人路徑規(guī)劃等領(lǐng)域中有著非常廣泛的運(yùn)用。建立的鋼筋切斷機(jī)模型需要進(jìn)行干涉檢驗(yàn),因?yàn)樵谀P偷奶摂M裝配過程中,可能存在諸如齒輪嚙合不好、齒輪和箱體之間有干涉現(xiàn)象,如果模型不能正確反映鋼筋切斷機(jī)的運(yùn)動(dòng)狀態(tài)。Pro/E 機(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)動(dòng)分析下的運(yùn)動(dòng)分析檢測(cè)模塊,其功能主要是負(fù)責(zé)對(duì)模型進(jìn)行干涉檢驗(yàn),發(fā)現(xiàn)干涉的位置并用不同顏色標(biāo)示出來(lái)。 南昌航空大學(xué)科技學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文40碰撞檢測(cè)分為三個(gè)級(jí)別:無(wú)碰撞檢測(cè)、全局碰撞檢測(cè)和部分碰撞檢測(cè)。無(wú)碰撞檢測(cè)就是不進(jìn)行碰撞檢測(cè):全局碰撞檢測(cè)就是對(duì)整個(gè)模型進(jìn)行檢測(cè):部分碰撞檢測(cè)就是只對(duì)選定的部分模型進(jìn)行檢測(cè)。在機(jī)構(gòu)運(yùn)行完以后,選擇碰撞檢測(cè)裝置,根據(jù)運(yùn)動(dòng)仿真的需要選擇相應(yīng)的干涉檢測(cè)級(jí)別,系統(tǒng)自動(dòng)按照選擇的類型自動(dòng)進(jìn)行碰撞檢測(cè),如果有干涉現(xiàn)象存在,在建立的模型中會(huì)與自身不同的顏色顯示出來(lái),如圖所示,有紅色標(biāo)志的干涉輪廓存在,是由于齒輪之間沒有正確嚙合以及黃顏色的從動(dòng)軸上鍵沒有定義完整所造成的。消除干涉的存在,首先要把從動(dòng)軸系模塊打開,重新正確的定義鍵。齒輪和軸之間的連接,然后在“凸輪從動(dòng)連接定義”中重新調(diào)整存在干涉的兩輪之間的嚙合。重新做干涉檢驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)虛擬裝配中的干涉被消除。通過運(yùn)動(dòng)仿真干涉檢驗(yàn)可以把理論結(jié)果和實(shí)際模型做對(duì)比,經(jīng)修改消除了鋼筋切斷機(jī)模型中存在的干涉現(xiàn)象,達(dá)到了理論和實(shí)際的結(jié)合。4.5.3 保存結(jié)果針對(duì)虛擬裝配的鋼筋切斷機(jī)模型做干涉檢驗(yàn)后如果沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)干涉現(xiàn)象,運(yùn)行鋼筋切斷機(jī)模型的同時(shí)通過捕捉功能就可以將運(yùn)動(dòng)仿真過程輸出成 MPEG, AVI 等格式的影 南昌航空大學(xué)科技學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文41像文件。鋼筋切斷機(jī)運(yùn)動(dòng)仿真并不僅僅是實(shí)現(xiàn)了機(jī)構(gòu)的運(yùn)動(dòng)仿真,同時(shí)還驗(yàn)證鋼筋切斷機(jī)的模型是否存在缺陷,檢查在運(yùn)動(dòng)過程中是否存在干涉現(xiàn)象,可以利用這種方法在研發(fā)期間就及早發(fā)現(xiàn)問題進(jìn)而解決問題,便于設(shè)計(jì)人員快速有效的對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)方案做出適當(dāng)?shù)恼{(diào)整。通過應(yīng)用 Pro/E 對(duì)鋼筋切斷機(jī)進(jìn)行建模、虛擬裝配和運(yùn)動(dòng)仿真,可以實(shí)現(xiàn)在設(shè)計(jì)階段直接檢查機(jī)構(gòu)各零部件在空間中的裝配及運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)情況,并且實(shí)現(xiàn)了在產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)階段可視化地對(duì)鋼筋切斷機(jī)進(jìn)行干涉檢驗(yàn),可以檢測(cè)產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)的準(zhǔn)確性。與傳統(tǒng)的樣品實(shí)驗(yàn)反饋方法相比,可以縮短鋼筋切斷機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)研發(fā)周期,明顯減少樣機(jī)的實(shí)驗(yàn)次數(shù),迅速應(yīng)對(duì)市場(chǎng)變化,并且在降低成本、提高競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力等方面發(fā)揮重要作用,為鋼筋切斷機(jī)的開發(fā)設(shè)計(jì)提供了一個(gè)有效的途徑。4.6 本章小結(jié)鋼筋切斷機(jī)的建模采用了功能強(qiáng)大的三維建模軟件 Pro/E,充分發(fā)揮了其在建立模型方面的優(yōu)勢(shì),準(zhǔn)確快捷的完成了鋼筋切斷機(jī)模型的建立,并且在 Pro/E 的軟件環(huán)境中進(jìn)行了虛擬裝配、運(yùn)動(dòng)仿真,達(dá)到了預(yù)期效果。 南昌航空大學(xué)科技學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文425.總 結(jié)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)是本科知識(shí)的綜合檢驗(yàn),同時(shí)也是我們以后工作的一次全面演練。在這四年里,我們先后學(xué)了《機(jī)械制圖》 、 《機(jī)械原理》 、 《機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)》 、 《理論力學(xué)》等課程。具備了基本的機(jī)械制造及其工藝方面的知識(shí),欠缺的只是沒有實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn),為了在不久的工作崗位上更好的將這些知識(shí)運(yùn)用的實(shí)際中去,畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)是我們獲取實(shí)際經(jīng)驗(yàn)的理想平臺(tái)。此次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)歷時(shí)三個(gè)多月,在查閱了大量的資料后,設(shè)想出一個(gè)可行的方案,并按此方案完成了設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)。設(shè)計(jì)期間,計(jì)算量較大,考慮到方方面面比較多,遇到問題和困難也比較多,但是通過自己的努力和老師的指導(dǎo),還是將這些問題一一解決了,最終基本上完成了規(guī)定的任務(wù)。另外通過本次設(shè)計(jì),我堅(jiān)定了成為一名合格的機(jī)械工作者信心。這次設(shè)計(jì)是我的一次經(jīng)歷,一次鍛煉,也是我一生的財(cái)富。 南昌航空大學(xué)科技學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文43參考文獻(xiàn)[1] 徐灝.機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè)(2、3、4) .北京,機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社,1991 [2] 王慰椿.機(jī)械基礎(chǔ)與建筑機(jī)械.南京,東南大學(xué)出版社,1990[3] 高蕊.鋼筋切斷機(jī)切斷過程分析及最大沖切力計(jì)算.建筑機(jī)械,1995 第 2 期[4] 何德譽(yù).曲柄壓力機(jī).北京,清華大學(xué)出版社,1987[5] 高蕊.鋼筋切斷機(jī)刀片合理側(cè)隙的保證方法.建筑機(jī)械化,1997 年第 4 期[6] 宜亞麗.鋼筋矯直切斷機(jī)剪切機(jī)構(gòu)研究分析. 建筑機(jī)械,2004 年第 10 期[7] 梁崇高.平面連桿機(jī)構(gòu)的計(jì)算設(shè)計(jì).北京,高等教育出版社,1993[8] 何德譽(yù).曲柄壓力機(jī).北京,清華大學(xué)出版社,1987 南昌航空大學(xué)科技學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文44致 謝畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)終于如期完成了,在此我要特別感謝邢譜老師老師!不是因?yàn)槔蠋煵恢>氲闹笇?dǎo)我是不可能完成的!老師工作繁忙,還要經(jīng)常出差,可是就算這樣,每次向邢老師請(qǐng)教問題時(shí),他都第一時(shí)間給我滿意的答復(fù),都很耐心地解答給我聽,哪怕有時(shí)候是那種很低級(jí)的錯(cuò)誤!每次回學(xué)校都會(huì)主動(dòng)告訴我們,并特意交代有什么問題可以問他!老師很嚴(yán)格,但我覺得這是對(duì)我們負(fù)責(zé),讓我們?cè)谔と肷鐣?huì)之前真正掌握一定的技能。真的謝謝你,邢普老師!還要謝謝的是幫助過我的同學(xué)們,在設(shè)計(jì)的過程中他們給了我很多寶貴的意見,讓我少犯錯(cuò)誤,少走很多彎路。雖然有時(shí)候因?yàn)椴煌挠^點(diǎn)而小拌嘴,但就是因?yàn)檫@樣才有此次設(shè)計(jì)的誕生!再次謝謝他們!最后要謝的就是百忙之中還要抽時(shí)間對(duì)本設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)行評(píng)審的老師們,你們辛苦了,謝謝你們! 南昌航空大學(xué)科技學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文45學(xué)士學(xué)位論文原創(chuàng)性聲明本人聲明,所呈交的論文是本人在導(dǎo)師的指導(dǎo)下獨(dú)立完成的研究成果。除了文中特別加以標(biāo)注引用的內(nèi)容外,本論文不包含法律意義上已屬于他人的任何形式的研究成果,也不包含本人已用于其他學(xué)位申請(qǐng)的論文或成果。對(duì)本文的研究作出重要貢獻(xiàn)的個(gè)人和集體,均已在文中以明確方式表明。本人完全意識(shí)到本聲明的法律后果由本人承擔(dān)。作者簽名: 日期:學(xué)位論文版權(quán)使用授權(quán)書本學(xué)位論文作者完全了解學(xué)校有關(guān)保留、使用學(xué)位論文的規(guī)定,同意學(xué)校保留并向國(guó)家有關(guān)部門或機(jī)構(gòu)送交論文的復(fù)印件和電子版,允許論文被查閱和借閱。本人授權(quán)南昌航空大學(xué)可以將本論文的全部或部分內(nèi)容編入有關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)進(jìn)行檢索,可以采用影印、縮印或掃描等復(fù)制手段保存和匯編本學(xué)位論文。作者簽名: 日期:導(dǎo)師簽名: 日期:畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文翻譯題目 鋼筋機(jī)切斷機(jī)仿真設(shè)計(jì)專 業(yè) 名 稱 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化班 級(jí) 學(xué) 號(hào) 078105119學(xué) 生 姓 名 涂志軍指 導(dǎo) 教 師 邢普填 表 日 期 2011 年 4 月 6 日Electromechanical integration technology and its applicationAn electromechanical integration technology development Mechatronics is the machinery, micro-, control, aircraft, information processing, and other cross-disciplinary integration, and its development and progress depends on the progress of technology and development, the main direction of development of a digital, intelligent, modular, and human nature , miniaturization, integration, with source and green. 1.1 Digital Microcontroller and the development of a number of mechanical and electrical products of the base, such as the continuous development of CNC machine tools and robots, and the rapid rise of the computer network for the digital design and manufacturing paved the way for, such as virtual design and computer integrated manufacturing. Digital request electromechanical integration software products with high reliability, easy operability, maintainability, self-diagnostic capabilities, and friendly man-machine interface. Digital will facilitate the realization of long-distance operation, diagnosis and repair. Intelligent 1.2 Mechanical and electrical products that require a certain degree of intelligence, it is similar to the logical thinking, reasoning judgement, autonomous decision-making capabilities. For example, in the CNC machine increase interactive features, set up Intelligent I / O interface and intelligent database technology, will use, operation and maintenance of bring great convenience. With fuzzy control, neural network, gray, wavelet theory, chaos and bifurcation, such as artificial intelligence and technological progress and development and the development of mechanical and electrical integration technology has opened up a vast world. Modular 1.3 As electromechanical integration products and manufacturers wide variety of research and development of a standard mechanical interface, dynamic interface, the environment interface modules electromechanical integration products is a complex and promising work. If the development is set to slow down. VVVF integrated motor drive unit with vision, image processing, identification and location of the motor functions, such as integrated control unit. Thus, in product development, design, we can use these standards modular unit quickly develop new products. 1.4 Network As the popularity of the network, network-based remote control and monitoring of various technical ascendant. The remote control device itself is the integration of mechanical and electrical products, fieldbus technology to household appliances and LAN network possible, use a home network to connect various home appliances into a computer as the center of computer integrated appliances system, so that people in the home can be full enjoyment of the benefits of various high-tech, therefore, electromechanical integration products should be no doubt North Korea networks. 1.5 humanity Electromechanical integration of the end-use product is targeted, how to give people electromechanical integration of intelligent products, emotion and humanity is becoming more and more important, electromechanical integration products in addition to improving performance, it also urged the color, shape and so on and environmental coordination, the use of these products, or for a person to enjoy, such as home robot is the highest state of human-machine integration. 1.6 miniaturization Micro-fine processing technology is a necessity in the development, but also the need to improve efficiency. MEMS (Micro Electronic Mechanical Systems, or MEMS) refers to quantities can be produced by the micro-collection agencies, micro-sensors, micro actuators and signal processing and control circuit until interface, communication and power is one of the micro-devices or systems . Since 1986 the United States at Stanford University developed the first medical microprobe, 1988 at the University of California, Berkeley developed the first micro-motor, both at home and abroad in MEMS technology, materials and micro-mechanism much progress has been made, the development of all sorts MEMS devices and systems, such as the various micro-sensors (pressure sensors, micro-accelerometer, micro-tactile sensor), various micro-component (micro-film, micro-beam, microprobes, micro-link, micro-gear, micro-bearings, micro-pump , microcoil and micro-robot, etc.). 1.7 Integration Integration includes a mutual penetration of various technologies, and integration of various products of different structural optimization and composite, and included in the production process at the same time processing, assembly, testing, management, and other processes. In order to achieve more variety, small batch production of automation and high efficiency, the system should have a more extensive flexible. First system can be divided into several levels, allowing the system to function dispersed, and security and coordination with other parts of the operation, and then through software and hardware at various levels will be organically linked to its optimal performance, the most powerful. 1.8 with source of Electromechanical integration refers to the product itself with energy, such as solar cells, fuel cells and large-capacity battery. As on many occasions not be able to use electricity, which campaigns for the mechanical and electrical integration products, has a unique power source comes with the benefits. Sources with the integration of mechanical and electrical product development direction of. 1.9 GreenThe development of technology in people's lives brought great changes in the material at the same time has also brought rich resources, deterioration of the ecological environment consequences. Therefore, people calling for the protection of the environment, regression, and achieving sustainable development in the concept of green products such calls have emerged. Green products is low-power, low-wood consumption, clean, comfortable, coordination and utilization of renewable products. In its design, manufacture, use and destruction of human beings should be in line with environmental protection and health requirements, electromechanical integration of green products is mainly refers to the use of time is not pollute the ecological environment, at the end of product life, and regeneration of decomposition products. 2 electromechanical integration in the application of technology in the iron and steel In the iron and steel enterprises, the integration of mechanical and electrical systems are at the core microprocessor, the computer, industrial computer, data communications, display devices, meters and the combination of technologies such as organic, assembled by the merger means for the realization of a large-scale integrated system create conditions for effective integration, enhanced system control precision, quality and reliability. Electromechanical integration technology in the iron and steel enterprises in the mainly used in the following areas:2.1 Intelligent Control Technology (IC) As a large-scale iron and steel, high-speed continuous and the characteristics of the traditional control technologies encountered insurmountable difficulties, it is necessary to adopt very intelligent control technology. Control technologies include intelligent expert system, neural and fuzzy control, intelligent control techniques in steel product design, manufacturing, control, product quality and diagnostic equipment, and other aspects, such as blast furnace control system, electric furnace and continuous casting plant, steel rolling system , steelmaking - Casting integrated scheduling system - rolling, cold rolling, etc.. 2.2 Distributed Control System (DCS) Distributed control system uses a central command for the control of a number of Taiwan-site monitoring and intelligent computer control unit. Distributed control systems can be two, three or more levels. Using computers to concentrate on the production process monitoring, operation, management and decentralized control. With monitoring and control technologies, and the functions of distributed control system more and more. Not only can be achieved control of the production process, but also can be achieved online optimization, the production process real-time scheduling, production planning statistical management functions, as a measurement, control, integration of the integrated system. DCS control functions with diverse features and easy operation, the system can be extended, easy maintenance and high reliability characteristics. DCS is decentralized and centralized control monitoring, fault-minor, and the system has the chain protection features, the use of manual control system failure operational measures, the system is highly reliable. Distributed control system and centralized control system compared to their more functional, with a higher level of security. Is the large-scale integration of mechanical and electrical systems main trend. 2.3 Open Control System (OCS) Open Control System (Open Control System) is the development of computer technology led by the new structure concept. "Open" means a standard for the exchange of information in order consensus and support this standard design systems, different manufacturers products can be compatible and interoperable, and the sharing of resources. Industrial control systems through open communication network so that all control equipment, management, computer interconnections, to achieve control and management, administration, integrated decision-making, through fieldbus to the scene and control room instrumentation control equipment interconnected to achieve integrated measurement and control of. 2.4 Computer Integrated Manufacturing System (CIMS) CIMS is the iron and steel enterprises will be and the production and operation, production management and process control connecting to achieve from raw materials into the plant, production and processing of shipments to the entire production process and the overall integration process control. Currently iron and steel enterprises have basically achieved process automation, but this kind of "automated island" of single automation lack of information resources and the sharing of the unified management of the production process, can hardly meet the requirements of the iron and steel production. Future competition iron and steel enterprises is the focus of many varieties, small batch production, cheap and of good quality, timely delivery of goods. In order to improve productivity, saving energy, reducing staff and the existing inventory, accelerate cash flow, production, operation and management of the overall optimization, the key is to strengthen the management, access to the benefits of raising the competitiveness of businesses. The United States, Japan and some other large-scale iron and steel enterprises in the 1980s has been widely realization of CIMS. 2.5 Fieldbus Technology (FBT) Fieldbus Technology (Fied Bus Technology) is the connection settings in the field of instrumentation installed in the control room and control devices for digital, bi-directional, multi-station communication link. Fieldbus technology used to replace the existing signal transmission technology (such as 4 to 20 mA, DC DC transmission), it will enable more information in the field of Intelligent Instrumentation devices and higher-level control system in the joint between the communications media on the two-way transmission. Fieldbus connection can be through save 66% or more on-site signal connecting wires. Fieldbus lead to the introduction of the reform and the new generation of DCS around open fieldbus automation system of instruments, such as intelligent transmitter, intelligent, fieldbus detection instruments, fieldbus of PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) local control stations and field development. 2.6 AC drive technology Transmission technology in the iron and steel industry plays a crucial role. With power technology and the development of microelectronics technology, the development of AC variable speed very quickly. The AC drive to the advantages of electric drive technology in the near future from AC drive completely replace DC transmission, the development of digital technology, complex vector control technologies to achieve practical, AC variable speed system speed and performance has reached more than DC converter level. Now whether small or large-capacity electrical motor capacity synchronous motor can be used to achieve reversible induction motor or smoothing governor. AC drive system in the production of steel rolling emerged as a welcome users, applications continues to expand.機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)及其應(yīng)用研究1 機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)發(fā)展機(jī)電一體化是機(jī)械、微、控制、機(jī)、信息處理等多學(xué)科的交叉融合,其發(fā)展和進(jìn)步有賴于相關(guān)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步與發(fā)展,其主要發(fā)展方向有數(shù)字化、智能化、模塊化、化、人性化、微型化、集成化、帶源化和綠色化。1.1 數(shù)字化微控制器及其發(fā)展奠定了機(jī)電產(chǎn)品數(shù)字化的基礎(chǔ),如不斷發(fā)展的數(shù)控機(jī)床和機(jī)器人;而計(jì)算機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的迅速崛起,為數(shù)字化設(shè)計(jì)與制造鋪平了道路,如虛擬設(shè)計(jì)、計(jì)算機(jī)集成制造等。數(shù)字化要求機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品的軟件具有高可靠性、易操作性、可維護(hù)性、自診斷能力以及友好人機(jī)界面。數(shù)字化的實(shí)現(xiàn)將便于遠(yuǎn)程操作、診斷和修復(fù)。1.2 智能化即要求機(jī)電產(chǎn)品有一定的智能,使它具有類似人的邏輯思考、判斷推理、自主決策等能力。例如在 CNC 數(shù)控機(jī)床上增加人機(jī)對(duì)話功能,設(shè)置智能 I/O 接口和智能工藝數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),會(huì)給使用、操作和維護(hù)帶來(lái)極大的方便。隨著模糊控制、神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)、灰色、小波理論、混沌與分岔等人工智能技術(shù)的進(jìn)步與發(fā)展,為機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)發(fā)展開辟了廣闊天地。 1.3 模塊化由于機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品種類和生產(chǎn)廠家繁多,研制和開發(fā)具有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)機(jī)械接口、動(dòng)力接口、環(huán)境接口的機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品單元模塊是一項(xiàng)復(fù)雜而有前途的工作。如研制具有集減速、變頻調(diào)速電機(jī)一體的動(dòng)力驅(qū)動(dòng)單元;具有視覺、圖像處理、識(shí)別和測(cè)距等功能的電機(jī)一體控制單元等。這樣,在產(chǎn)品開發(fā)設(shè)計(jì)時(shí),可以利用這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模塊化單元迅速開發(fā)出新的產(chǎn)品。1.4 網(wǎng)絡(luò)化由于網(wǎng)絡(luò)的普及,基于網(wǎng)絡(luò)的各種遠(yuǎn)程控制和監(jiān)視技術(shù)方興未艾。而遠(yuǎn)程控制的終端設(shè)備本身就是機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品,現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線和局域網(wǎng)技術(shù)使家用電器網(wǎng)絡(luò)化成為可能,利用家庭網(wǎng)絡(luò)把各種家用電器連接成以計(jì)算機(jī)為中心的計(jì)算機(jī)集成家用電器系統(tǒng),使人們?cè)诩依锟沙浞窒硎芨鞣N高技術(shù)帶來(lái)的好處,因此,機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品無(wú)疑應(yīng)朝網(wǎng)絡(luò)化方向發(fā)展。1.5 人性化機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品的最終使用對(duì)象是人,如何給機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品賦予人的智能、情感和人性顯得愈來(lái)愈重要,機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品除了完善的性能外,還要求在色彩、造型等方面與環(huán)境相協(xié)調(diào),使用這些產(chǎn)品,對(duì)人來(lái)說還是一種享受,如家用機(jī)器人的最高境界就是人機(jī)一體化。1.6 微型化微型化是精細(xì)加工技術(shù)發(fā)展的必然,也是提高效率的需要。微機(jī)電系統(tǒng)(Micro Electronic Mechanical Systems,簡(jiǎn)稱 MEMS)是指可批量制作的,集微型機(jī)構(gòu)、微型傳感器、微型執(zhí)行器以及信號(hào)處理和控制電路,直至接口、通信和電源等于一體的微型器件或系統(tǒng)。自 1986 年美國(guó)斯坦福大學(xué)研制出第一個(gè)醫(yī)用微探針,1988 年美國(guó)加州大學(xué) Berkeley 分校研制出第一個(gè)微電機(jī)以來(lái),國(guó)內(nèi)外在 MEMS 工藝、材料以及微觀機(jī)理方面取得了很大進(jìn)展,開發(fā)出各種 MEMS器件和系統(tǒng),如各種微型傳感器(壓力傳感器、微加速度計(jì)、微觸覺傳感器) ,各種微構(gòu)件(微膜、微粱、微探針、微連桿、微齒輪、微軸承、微泵、微彈簧以及微機(jī)器人等) 。 1.7 集成化集成化既包含各種技術(shù)的相互滲透、相互融合和各種產(chǎn)品不同結(jié)構(gòu)的優(yōu)化與復(fù)合,又包含在生產(chǎn)過程中同時(shí)處理加工、裝配、檢測(cè)、管理等多種工序。為了實(shí)現(xiàn)多品種、小批量生產(chǎn)的自動(dòng)化與高效率,應(yīng)使系統(tǒng)具有更廣泛的柔性。首先可將系統(tǒng)分解為若干層次,使系統(tǒng)功能分散,并使各部分協(xié)調(diào)而又安全地運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn),然后再通過軟、硬件將各個(gè)層次有機(jī)地聯(lián)系起來(lái),使其性能最優(yōu)、功能最強(qiáng)。1.8 帶源化是指機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品自身帶有能源,如太陽(yáng)能電池、燃料電池和大容量電池。由于在許多場(chǎng)合無(wú)法使用電能,因而對(duì)于運(yùn)動(dòng)的機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品,自帶動(dòng)力源具有獨(dú)特的好處。帶源化是機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品的發(fā)展方向之一。1.9 綠色化技術(shù)的發(fā)展給人們的生活帶來(lái)巨大變化,在物質(zhì)豐富的同時(shí)也帶來(lái)資源減少、生態(tài)環(huán)境惡化的后果。所以,人們呼喚保護(hù)環(huán)境,回歸,實(shí)現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展,綠色產(chǎn)品概念在這種呼聲中應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。綠色產(chǎn)品是指低能耗、低材耗、低污染、舒適、協(xié)調(diào)而可再生利用的產(chǎn)品。在其設(shè)計(jì)、制造、使用和銷毀時(shí)應(yīng)符合環(huán)保和人類健康的要求,機(jī)電一體化產(chǎn)品的綠色化主要是指在其使用時(shí)不污染生態(tài)環(huán)境,產(chǎn)品壽命結(jié)束時(shí),產(chǎn)品可分解和再生利用。2 機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)在鋼鐵中應(yīng)用 在鋼鐵企業(yè)中,機(jī)電一體化系統(tǒng)是以微處理機(jī)為核心,把微機(jī)、工控機(jī)、數(shù)據(jù)通訊、顯示裝置、儀表等技術(shù)有機(jī)的結(jié)合起來(lái),采用組裝合并方式,為實(shí)現(xiàn)工程大系統(tǒng)的綜合一體化創(chuàng)造有力條件,增強(qiáng)系統(tǒng)控制精度、質(zhì)量和可靠性。機(jī)電一體化技術(shù)在鋼鐵企業(yè)中主要應(yīng)用于以下幾個(gè)方面:2.1 智能化控制技術(shù)(IC)由于鋼鐵具有大型化、高速化和連續(xù)化的特點(diǎn),傳統(tǒng)的控制技術(shù)遇到了難以克服的困難,因此非常有必要采用智能控制技術(shù)。智能控制技術(shù)主要包括專家系統(tǒng)、模糊控制和神經(jīng)等,智能控制技術(shù)廣泛于鋼鐵的產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)、生產(chǎn)、控制、設(shè)備與產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量診斷等各個(gè)方面,如高爐控制系統(tǒng)、電爐和連鑄車間、軋鋼系統(tǒng)、煉鋼———連鑄———軋鋼綜合調(diào)度系統(tǒng)、冷連軋等。2.2 分布式控制系統(tǒng)(DCS)分布式控制系統(tǒng)采用一臺(tái)中央機(jī)指揮若干臺(tái)面向控制的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)測(cè)控計(jì)算機(jī)和智能控制單元。分布式控制系統(tǒng)可以是兩級(jí)的、三級(jí)的或更多級(jí)的。利用計(jì)算機(jī)對(duì)生產(chǎn)過程進(jìn)行集中監(jiān)視、操作、管理和分散控制。隨著測(cè)控技術(shù)的,分布式控制系統(tǒng)的功能越來(lái)越多。不僅可以實(shí)現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)過程控制,而且還可以實(shí)現(xiàn)在線最優(yōu)化、生產(chǎn)過程實(shí)時(shí)調(diào)度、生產(chǎn)計(jì)劃統(tǒng)計(jì)管理功能,成為一種測(cè)、控、管一體化的綜合系統(tǒng)。DCS 具有特點(diǎn)控制功能多樣化、操作簡(jiǎn)便、系統(tǒng)可以擴(kuò)展、維護(hù)方便、可靠性高等特點(diǎn)。DCS 是監(jiān)視集中控制分散,故障面小,而且系統(tǒng)具有連鎖保護(hù)功能,采用了系統(tǒng)故障人工手動(dòng)控制操作措施,使系統(tǒng)可靠性高。分布式控制系統(tǒng)與集中型控制系統(tǒng)相比,其功能更強(qiáng),具有更高的安全性。是當(dāng)前大型機(jī)電一體化系統(tǒng)的主要潮流。 2.3 開放式控制系統(tǒng)(OCS)開放控制系統(tǒng)(Open Control System)是計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)發(fā)展所引出的新的結(jié)構(gòu)體系概念。 “開放”意味著對(duì)一種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的信息交換規(guī)程的共識(shí)和支持,按此標(biāo)準(zhǔn)設(shè)計(jì)的系統(tǒng),可以實(shí)現(xiàn)不同廠家產(chǎn)品的兼容和互換,且資源共享。開放控制系統(tǒng)通過工業(yè)通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)使各種控制設(shè)備、管理計(jì)算機(jī)互聯(lián),實(shí)現(xiàn)控制與經(jīng)營(yíng)、管理、決策的集成,通過現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線使現(xiàn)場(chǎng)儀表與控制室的控制設(shè)備互聯(lián),實(shí)現(xiàn)測(cè)量與控制一體化。2.4 計(jì)算機(jī)集成制造系統(tǒng)(CIMS)鋼鐵企業(yè)的 CIMS 是將人與生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)、生產(chǎn)管理以及過程控制連成一體,用以實(shí)現(xiàn)從原料進(jìn)廠,生產(chǎn)加工到產(chǎn)品發(fā)貨的整個(gè)生產(chǎn)過程全局和過程一體化控制。目前鋼鐵企業(yè)已基本實(shí)現(xiàn)了過程自動(dòng)化,但這種“自動(dòng)化孤島”式的單機(jī)自動(dòng)化缺乏信息資源的共享和生產(chǎn)過程的統(tǒng)一管理,難以適應(yīng)鋼鐵生產(chǎn)的要求。未來(lái)鋼鐵企業(yè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的焦點(diǎn)是多品種、小批量生產(chǎn),質(zhì)優(yōu)價(jià)廉,及時(shí)交貨。為了提高生產(chǎn)率、節(jié)能降耗、減少人員及現(xiàn)有庫(kù)存,加速資金周轉(zhuǎn),實(shí)現(xiàn)生產(chǎn)、經(jīng)營(yíng)、管理整體優(yōu)化,關(guān)鍵就是加強(qiáng)管理,獲取必須的效益,提高了企業(yè)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。美國(guó)、日本等一些大型鋼鐵企業(yè)在 20 世紀(jì) 80 年代已廣泛實(shí)現(xiàn) CIMS 化。2.5 現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線技術(shù)(FBT)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線技術(shù)(Fie d Bus Technology)是連接設(shè)置在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的儀表與設(shè)置在控制室內(nèi)的控制設(shè)備之間的數(shù)字式、雙向、多站通信鏈路。采用現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線技術(shù)取代現(xiàn)行的信號(hào)傳輸技術(shù)(如 4~20mA,DC 直流傳輸)就能使更多的信息在智能化現(xiàn)場(chǎng)儀表裝置與更高一級(jí)的控制系統(tǒng)之間在共同的通信媒體上進(jìn)行雙向傳送。通過現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線連接可省去 66%或更多的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)信號(hào)連接導(dǎo)線?,F(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線的引入導(dǎo)致DCS 的變革和新一代圍繞開放自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線化儀表,如智能變送器、智能執(zhí)行器、現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線化檢測(cè)儀表、現(xiàn)場(chǎng)總線化 PLC(Programmable Logic Controller)和現(xiàn)場(chǎng)就地控制站等的發(fā)展。 2.6 交流傳動(dòng)技術(shù)傳動(dòng)技術(shù)在鋼鐵工業(yè)中起作至關(guān)重要的作用。隨著電力技術(shù)和微電子技術(shù)的發(fā)展,交流調(diào)速技術(shù)的發(fā)展非常迅速。由于交流傳動(dòng)的優(yōu)越性,電氣傳動(dòng)技術(shù)在不久的將來(lái)由交流傳動(dòng)全面取代直流傳動(dòng),數(shù)字技術(shù)的發(fā)展,使復(fù)雜的矢量控制技術(shù)實(shí)用化得以實(shí)現(xiàn),交流調(diào)速系統(tǒng)的調(diào)速性能已達(dá)到和超過直流調(diào)速水平?,F(xiàn)在無(wú)論大容量電機(jī)或中小容量電機(jī)都可以使用同步電機(jī)或異步電機(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn)可逆平滑調(diào)速。交流傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)在軋鋼生產(chǎn)中一出現(xiàn)就受到用戶的歡迎,應(yīng)用不斷擴(kuò)大。
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