裝配圖廻轉(zhuǎn)盤加工工藝和工裝規(guī)程設(shè)計(jì)
裝配圖廻轉(zhuǎn)盤加工工藝和工裝規(guī)程設(shè)計(jì),裝配,轉(zhuǎn)盤,加工,工藝,以及,工裝,規(guī)程,設(shè)計(jì)
廻轉(zhuǎn)盤加工工藝和工裝規(guī)程設(shè)計(jì)
學(xué)生名字： 方雷 班級(jí)：0781052
指導(dǎo)老師：王細(xì)洋
摘要：本次設(shè)計(jì)是對(duì)廻轉(zhuǎn)盤加工工藝工裝的規(guī)程設(shè)計(jì)，首先要明白機(jī)械加工工藝過程就是用切削的方法改變毛坯的形狀、尺寸和材料的物理機(jī)械性質(zhì)，使其成為具有所需要的一定精度、粗糙度等的零件。為了能具體確切的說明過程，使工件能按照零件圖的技術(shù)要求加工出來，就得制定復(fù)雜的機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程來作為生產(chǎn)的指導(dǎo)性技術(shù)文件，學(xué)習(xí)研究制定機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程的意義與作用就是本課題研究目的。在整個(gè)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)過程中，我們將學(xué)習(xí)到更多的知識(shí)。
我們必須仔細(xì)了解零件結(jié)構(gòu)，從工藝上認(rèn)真分析零件圖,培養(yǎng)我們獨(dú)立識(shí)圖的能力,增強(qiáng)我們對(duì)零件圖的認(rèn)識(shí)和了解。通過對(duì)零件圖的繪制,能增強(qiáng)我們的繪圖能力和運(yùn)用AutoCAD軟件的能力。
制訂工藝規(guī)程、確定加工余量、工藝尺寸的計(jì)算,在整個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)中也是非常重要的,通過這些設(shè)計(jì),不僅讓我們更為全面地了解零件的加工過程、加工尺寸的確定,而且讓我們知道工藝路線和加工余量的確定,必須與工廠實(shí)際的機(jī)床相適應(yīng)。
對(duì)夾具的設(shè)計(jì):我們必須要了解夾具的作用，然后根據(jù)定位、夾緊、對(duì)刀等方面進(jìn)行總體的設(shè)計(jì)。這是對(duì)以前學(xué)習(xí)過的知識(shí)的復(fù)習(xí),也是以后工作的一個(gè)鋪墊。
關(guān)鍵字： 廻轉(zhuǎn)盤 工藝工裝 加工 夾具
指導(dǎo)老師簽名：
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）任務(wù)書
I、畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)題目：
廻轉(zhuǎn)盤加工工藝和工裝規(guī)程設(shè)計(jì)
II、畢 業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)使用的原始資料(數(shù)據(jù))及設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)要求：
已知廻轉(zhuǎn)盤零件圖，要求：
1．編制其批量生產(chǎn)的機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程：對(duì)零件圖進(jìn)行工藝分析，繪制二維及三維
零件圖（AUTOCAD上），編制機(jī)械加工工藝過程卡片、機(jī)床加工工序卡
2．設(shè)計(jì)銑床夾具：繪制二維裝配圖。
III、畢 業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)工作內(nèi)容及完成時(shí)間：
1. 搜集有關(guān)資料，熟悉零件結(jié)構(gòu)及功用，撰寫開題報(bào)告 第 1周
2. 相關(guān)外文文獻(xiàn)資料的閱讀與翻譯（6000字符以上） 第 2周
3. 零件工藝路線設(shè)計(jì) 第 3—5周
4. 機(jī)床加工工序設(shè)計(jì) 第6—9周
5. 銑孔夾具設(shè)計(jì) 第10—13周
6. 撰寫畢業(yè)論文 第14—16周
7. 答辯準(zhǔn)備及畢業(yè)答辯 第17周
Ⅳ 、主 要參考資料：
[1] 王先逵. 機(jī)械制造工藝學(xué).北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2008
[2] 于駿一. 典型零件制造工藝.北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，1989
[3] 王凡. 實(shí)用機(jī)械制造工藝設(shè)計(jì)手冊(cè).北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2008
[4]王啟平. 機(jī)床夾具設(shè)計(jì).哈爾濱：哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)出版社，1996
[5] 張進(jìn)生，房曉東主編. 機(jī)械工程專業(yè)課程設(shè)計(jì)指導(dǎo).北京:機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2004
[6] Yiming (Kevin) Rong. Samuel H. Huang, Zhikun Hou. Advanced Computer-aided Fixture Design. Elsevier Academic Press, 2005
航空與機(jī)械工程系 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化 專業(yè) 0781052 班
學(xué)生（簽名）：
填寫日期： 2011 年 3 月 1 日
指導(dǎo)教師（簽名）：
助理指導(dǎo)教師(并指出所負(fù)責(zé)的部分)：
機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化 系 主任（簽名）：
附注:任務(wù)書應(yīng)該附在已完成的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說明書首頁。
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）
題目:廻轉(zhuǎn)盤加工工藝和工裝規(guī)程設(shè)計(jì)
系 別 航空工程系
專業(yè)名稱 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化
班級(jí)學(xué)號(hào) 078105240
學(xué)生姓名 方雷
指導(dǎo)教師 王細(xì)洋老師
二O一一年 六 月
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）開題報(bào)告
題目： 廻轉(zhuǎn)盤加工工藝和工裝規(guī)程設(shè)計(jì)
系 別 航空工程系
專業(yè)名稱 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化
班級(jí)學(xué)號(hào) 078105240
學(xué)生姓名 方雷
指導(dǎo)教師 王細(xì)洋老師
填表日期：2011 年 3月 1 日
一、選題的依據(jù)及意義：
認(rèn)識(shí)迴轉(zhuǎn)盤：迴轉(zhuǎn)盤通常是指在一個(gè)類似盤狀的金屬體色的周邊開上幾個(gè)固定用的孔用于連接其它東西的一種零件。主要用來使管子與管子相互連接的，連接于管端。迴轉(zhuǎn)盤上有孔眼，可穿螺栓，使得迴轉(zhuǎn)盤和另一半相緊連。迴轉(zhuǎn)盤間用襯墊密封。它可由澆鑄而成，也可由螺紋連接或焊接構(gòu)成。迴轉(zhuǎn)盤聯(lián)接由迴轉(zhuǎn)盤和盤體、一個(gè)墊片及若干個(gè)螺栓螺母組成，墊片放在用在聯(lián)接密封面之間，擰緊螺母后，墊片表面上的比壓達(dá)到一定數(shù)值后產(chǎn)生變形，并填滿密封面上凹凸不平處，使聯(lián)接嚴(yán)密不漏。迴轉(zhuǎn)盤連接使用方便，能夠承受較大的壓力，是工程機(jī)械當(dāng)中重要的零件之一。
二、國內(nèi)外研究概況及發(fā)展趨勢(shì)（含文獻(xiàn)綜述）：
迴轉(zhuǎn)盤在國內(nèi)外的現(xiàn)狀：近幾年來，我國在迴轉(zhuǎn)盤的制造領(lǐng)域和研發(fā)領(lǐng)域取得了一定的突破，因產(chǎn)業(yè)鏈和市場(chǎng)的影響，加上政策的支持，大量的工廠和個(gè)人加工作坊開始大批量的生產(chǎn)和銷售迴轉(zhuǎn)盤成品。經(jīng)調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)，近幾年全球在迴轉(zhuǎn)盤方面的市場(chǎng)容量聯(lián)創(chuàng)新高，產(chǎn)銷規(guī)模大幅增加，價(jià)格也居高不下。由此導(dǎo)致的研究領(lǐng)域在開發(fā)迴轉(zhuǎn)盤產(chǎn)品方面也加快了步伐，各種類型和功能的迴轉(zhuǎn)盤產(chǎn)品層出不窮。
迴轉(zhuǎn)盤的加工工藝規(guī)程設(shè)計(jì)課題的意義：首先要明白機(jī)械加工工藝過程就是用切削的方法改變毛坯的形狀、尺寸和材料的物理機(jī)械性質(zhì)成為具有所需要的一定精度、粗糙度等的零件。為了能具體確切的說明過程，使工件能按照零件圖的技術(shù)要求加工出來，就得制定復(fù)雜的機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程來作為生產(chǎn)的指導(dǎo)性技術(shù)文件，學(xué)習(xí)研究制定機(jī)械加工工藝規(guī)程的意義與作用就是本課題研究目的。在整個(gè)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)過程中，我們將學(xué)習(xí)到更多的知識(shí)。
我們必須仔細(xì)了解零件結(jié)構(gòu)，從工藝上認(rèn)真分析零件圖,培養(yǎng)我們獨(dú)立識(shí)圖能力,增強(qiáng)我們對(duì)零件圖的認(rèn)識(shí)和了解,通過對(duì)零件圖的繪制,能增強(qiáng)我們的繪圖能力和運(yùn)用AutoCAD軟件的能力。
制訂工藝規(guī)程、確定加工余量、工藝尺寸計(jì)算。在整個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)中也是非常重要的,通過這些設(shè)計(jì),不僅讓我們更為全面地了解零件的加工過程、加工尺寸的確定,而且讓我們知道工藝路線和加工余量的確定,必須與工廠實(shí)際的機(jī)床相適應(yīng)。 這對(duì)以前學(xué)習(xí)過的知識(shí)的復(fù)習(xí),也是以后工作的一個(gè)鋪墊。
三、思路和方法
1. 查閱與迴轉(zhuǎn)盤相關(guān)的資料和運(yùn)用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)資源，對(duì)迴轉(zhuǎn)盤的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)、性能、用途及工作環(huán)境等基本情況進(jìn)行了解，從而對(duì)課程設(shè)計(jì)的全面展開提供直接的依據(jù)。
2. 讀圖。根據(jù)零件圖上的技術(shù)要求和尺寸，審查其各項(xiàng)條件是否合理、準(zhǔn)確及工藝要求能否達(dá)到，若各項(xiàng)條件無誤，則進(jìn)行下一項(xiàng)工作。
3. 繪圖。用AutoCAD繪制上述零件的二維圖。
4. 確定毛坯。毛坯的種類和其質(zhì)量對(duì)機(jī)械加工的質(zhì)量有密切的關(guān)系，同時(shí)對(duì)提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率、節(jié)約材料、降低成本有很大的影響，根據(jù)生產(chǎn)綱領(lǐng)和零件結(jié)構(gòu)選擇毛坯，毛坯的類型一般在零件圖上已有規(guī)定。本零件采用ZG35，屬于鑄鋼。
5. 從實(shí)際出發(fā)擬定詳細(xì)的加工工藝路線。表示零件的加工順序及加工方法，分出工序，安裝或工位及工步等。通過查閱《機(jī)械加工工藝手冊(cè)》和《切削用量手冊(cè)》確定各工序所使用的機(jī)床型號(hào)、刀具、進(jìn)刀量、切削余量、夾具及量具等。
6. 制作并填寫工藝過程卡片。填寫完成后，仔細(xì)檢查卡片中的數(shù)據(jù)有無錯(cuò)誤。
7. 編寫設(shè)計(jì)說明書。編寫完成后，仔細(xì)檢查說明書有無錯(cuò)誤。
整理整個(gè)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的材料，清點(diǎn)數(shù)目，無誤后裝檔案袋。
四、重點(diǎn)要解決的問題
1． 明確此零件的工作環(huán)境，零件圖的審核和毛坯的確定。
2． 擬定詳細(xì)的加工工藝路線。
3． 根據(jù)《切削用量手冊(cè)》來計(jì)算各工序的進(jìn)刀量、切削余量。
五、工作進(jìn)度
1. 搜集有關(guān)資料，熟悉零件結(jié)構(gòu)及功用，撰寫開題報(bào)告 第 1周
2. 相關(guān)外文文獻(xiàn)資料的閱讀與翻譯（6000字符以上） 第 2周
3. 零件工藝路線設(shè)計(jì) 第 3—5
4. 機(jī)床加工工序設(shè)計(jì) 第6—9周
5. 銑孔夾具設(shè)計(jì) 第10—13周
6. 撰寫畢業(yè)論文 第14—16周
7. 答辯準(zhǔn)備及畢業(yè)答辯 第17周
六、參考文獻(xiàn)
【1】 緒祥，王軍 《機(jī)械制造工藝》 北京：高等教育出版社，2007
【2】 劉力，等 《機(jī)械制圖》（第二版） 北京：高等教育出版社，2000
【3】 馬宵，等 《互換性與測(cè)量技術(shù)》 北京：北京理工大學(xué)出版社，2008
【4】 張玉琴，等 《AutoCAD上機(jī)實(shí)驗(yàn)指導(dǎo)與實(shí)訓(xùn)》 北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2009
【5】 韓春鳴 《機(jī)械制造基礎(chǔ)》 北京：化學(xué)工業(yè)出版社，2008
【6】 王先逵，等 《機(jī)械加工工藝手冊(cè)》 北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2008
【7】 艾 興，等 《切削用量手冊(cè)》（第三版） 北京：機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社，2000
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文翻譯
題目： 廻轉(zhuǎn)盤加工工藝和工裝規(guī)程設(shè)計(jì)
系 別 航空工程系
專業(yè)名稱 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)制造及其自動(dòng)化
班級(jí)學(xué)號(hào) 078105240
學(xué)生姓名 方雷
指導(dǎo)教師 王細(xì)洋老師
填表日期：2011 年 3月 14 日
附件1：外文資料翻譯譯文
機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)
摘要： 機(jī)器是由機(jī)械裝置和其它組件組成的。它是一種用來轉(zhuǎn)換或傳遞能量的裝置，例如：發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)、渦輪機(jī)、車輛、起重機(jī)、印刷機(jī)、洗衣機(jī)、照相機(jī)和攝影機(jī)等。許多原則和設(shè)計(jì)方法不但適用于機(jī)器的設(shè)計(jì)，也適用于非機(jī)器的設(shè)計(jì)。術(shù)語中的“機(jī)械裝置設(shè)計(jì)” 的含義要比“機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)”的含義更為廣泛一些，機(jī)械裝置設(shè)計(jì)包括機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)。在分析運(yùn)動(dòng)及設(shè)計(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，要把產(chǎn)品外型以及以后的保養(yǎng)也要考慮在機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)中。在機(jī)械工程領(lǐng)域中，以及其它工程領(lǐng)域中，所有這些都需要機(jī)械設(shè)備，比如：開關(guān)、凸輪、閥門、船舶以及攪拌機(jī)等。
關(guān)鍵詞： 設(shè)計(jì)流程 設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)則 機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)
設(shè)計(jì)流程
設(shè)計(jì)開始之前就要想到機(jī)器的實(shí)際性，現(xiàn)存的機(jī)器需要在耐用性、效率、重量、速度，或者成本上得到改善。新的機(jī)器必需具有以前機(jī)器所能執(zhí)行的功能。
在設(shè)計(jì)的初始階段，應(yīng)該允許設(shè)計(jì)人員充分發(fā)揮創(chuàng)造性，不要受到任何約束。即使產(chǎn)生了許多不切實(shí)際的想法，也會(huì)在設(shè)計(jì)的早期，即在繪制圖紙之前被改正掉。只有這樣，才不致于阻斷創(chuàng)新的思路。通常,還要提出幾套設(shè)計(jì)方案，然后加以比較。很有可能在這個(gè)計(jì)劃最后決定中,使用了某些不在計(jì)劃之內(nèi)的一些設(shè)想。
一般的當(dāng)外型特點(diǎn)和組件部分的尺寸特點(diǎn)分析得透徹時(shí)，就可以全面的設(shè)計(jì)和分析。接著還要客觀的分析機(jī)器性能的優(yōu)越性，以及它的安全、重量、耐用性，并且競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的成本也要考慮在分析結(jié)果之內(nèi)。每一個(gè)至關(guān)重要的部分要優(yōu)化它的比例和尺寸，同時(shí)也要保持與其它組成部分相協(xié)調(diào)。
也要選擇原材料和處理原材料的方法。通過力學(xué)原理來分析和實(shí)現(xiàn)這些重要的特性，如那些靜態(tài)反應(yīng)的能量和摩擦力的最佳利用，像動(dòng)力慣性、加速動(dòng)力和能量；包括彈性材料的強(qiáng)度、應(yīng)力和剛度等材料的物理特性，以及流體潤(rùn)滑和驅(qū)動(dòng)器的流體力學(xué)。設(shè)計(jì)的過程是重復(fù)和合作的過程，無論是正式或非正式的進(jìn)行，對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)者來說每個(gè)階段都很重要。
最后，以圖樣為設(shè)計(jì)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，并建立將來的模型。如果它的測(cè)試是符合事先要求的，則再將對(duì)初步設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)行某些修改，使它能夠在制造成本上有所降低。產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)需要不斷探索和發(fā)展。許多方案必須被研究、試驗(yàn)、完善，然后決定使用還是放棄。雖然每個(gè)工程學(xué)問題的內(nèi)容是獨(dú)特的，但是設(shè)計(jì)師可以按照類似的步驟來解決問題。
產(chǎn)品的責(zé)任訴訟迫使設(shè)計(jì)人員和公司在選擇材料時(shí)，采用最好的程序。在材料過程中，五個(gè)最常見的問題為：（a）不了解或者不會(huì)使用關(guān)于材料應(yīng)用方面的最新最好的信息資料；(b)未能預(yù)見和考慮材料的合理用途（如有可能，設(shè)計(jì)人員還應(yīng)進(jìn)一步預(yù)測(cè)和考慮由于產(chǎn)品使用方法不當(dāng)造成的后果。在近年來的許多產(chǎn)品責(zé)任訴訟案件中，由于錯(cuò)誤地使用產(chǎn)品而受到傷害的原告控告生產(chǎn)廠家，并且贏得判決）；(c)所使用的材料的數(shù)據(jù)不全或是有些數(shù)據(jù)不確定，尤其是當(dāng)其性能數(shù)據(jù)長(zhǎng)期不更新；(d)質(zhì)量控制方法不適當(dāng)和未經(jīng)驗(yàn)證；(e)由一些完全不稱職的人員選擇材料。
通過對(duì)上述五個(gè)問題的分析，可以得出這些問題是沒有充分理由而存在的結(jié)論。對(duì)這些問題的研究分析可以為避免這些問題的出現(xiàn)而指明方向。盡管采用最好的材料選擇方法也不能避免發(fā)生產(chǎn)品責(zé)任訴訟，設(shè)計(jì)人員和工業(yè)界按照適當(dāng)?shù)某绦蜻M(jìn)行材料選擇，可以大大減少訴訟的數(shù)量。
從以上的討論可以看出，選擇材料的人們應(yīng)該對(duì)材料的性質(zhì)，特點(diǎn)和加工方法有一個(gè)全面而基本的了解。
在隨后生產(chǎn)和售后服務(wù)的幾年中，要接受新觀念的變化，或者由試驗(yàn)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)為基礎(chǔ)，進(jìn)一步分析并改進(jìn)。
一些設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)則
在本節(jié)中，建議要運(yùn)用創(chuàng)造性的態(tài)度來替代和改進(jìn)。也許會(huì)創(chuàng)造出更實(shí)用、更經(jīng)濟(jì)、更耐用的產(chǎn)品。
為了激發(fā)創(chuàng)造性思維，下列是設(shè)計(jì)和分析的建議規(guī)則。前六個(gè)規(guī)則對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)者來說特別適用。
1. 要有創(chuàng)造性的利用所需要的物理性質(zhì)和控制過程。
2. 認(rèn)識(shí)負(fù)載產(chǎn)生的影響及其意義。
3. 預(yù)測(cè)沒有想到的負(fù)載。
4. 創(chuàng)造出對(duì)載荷更為有利的條件。
5. 提供良好的應(yīng)力分布和最小的剛度條件。
6. 運(yùn)用最簡(jiǎn)單的方程來優(yōu)化體積和面積。
7. 選擇組合材料。
8. 仔細(xì)選擇所備的原料和不可缺少的組件。
9. 調(diào)整有效的設(shè)計(jì)方案，以適應(yīng)生產(chǎn)過程和降低成本。
10. 規(guī)定好準(zhǔn)確的位置條件為了使組件安裝時(shí)不干涉。
機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)包括一下內(nèi)容：
1. 對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)過程、設(shè)計(jì)所需要公式以及安全系數(shù)進(jìn)行介紹。
2. 回顧材料特性、靜態(tài)和動(dòng)態(tài)載荷分析，包括梁、振動(dòng)和沖擊載荷。
3. 回顧應(yīng)力的基本規(guī)律和失效分析。
4. 介紹靜態(tài)失效理論和靜態(tài)載荷下機(jī)械斷裂分析。
5. 介紹疲勞失效理論并強(qiáng)調(diào)在壓力條件下接近高循環(huán)的疲勞設(shè)計(jì)，這通常用在旋轉(zhuǎn)機(jī)械的設(shè)計(jì)中。
6. 深入探討機(jī)械磨損機(jī)理、表面接觸應(yīng)力和表面疲勞現(xiàn)象。
7. 使用疲勞分析技術(shù)校核軸的設(shè)計(jì)。
8. 討論潤(rùn)滑油膜與滾動(dòng)軸承的理論和應(yīng)用。
9. 深入介紹直齒圓柱齒輪的動(dòng)力學(xué)、設(shè)計(jì)和應(yīng)力分析，并簡(jiǎn)單介紹斜齒輪、錐齒輪和渦輪有關(guān)方面的問題。
10. 討論彈簧設(shè)計(jì)、螺桿等緊固件的設(shè)計(jì)，包括傳動(dòng)螺桿和預(yù)緊固件。
11. 介紹盤式和鼓式離合器以及制動(dòng)器的設(shè)計(jì)和技術(shù)說明。
機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)
一臺(tái)完整機(jī)器的設(shè)計(jì)是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的過程。機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)是一項(xiàng)創(chuàng)造性的工作。設(shè)計(jì)工程師不僅在工作上要有創(chuàng)造性，還必須在機(jī)械制圖、運(yùn)動(dòng)學(xué)、工程材料、材料力學(xué)和機(jī)械制造工藝學(xué)等方面具有深厚的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)。
任何產(chǎn)品在設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)第一步就是選擇產(chǎn)品每個(gè)部分的構(gòu)成材料。許多的材料被今天的設(shè)計(jì)師所使用。對(duì)產(chǎn)品的功能，它的外觀、材料的成本、制造的成本作出必要的選擇是十分重要的。對(duì)材料的特性必須事先作出仔細(xì)的評(píng)估。
仔細(xì)精確的計(jì)算是必要的，以確保設(shè)計(jì)的有效性。在任何失敗的情況下，最好知道在最初設(shè)計(jì)中有有缺陷的部件。計(jì)算（圖紙尺寸）檢查是非常重要的。一個(gè)小數(shù)點(diǎn)的位置放錯(cuò)，就可以導(dǎo)致一個(gè)本可以完成的項(xiàng)目失敗。設(shè)計(jì)工作的各個(gè)方面都應(yīng)該檢查和復(fù)查。
計(jì)算機(jī)是一種工具，它能夠幫助機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)師減輕繁瑣的計(jì)算，并對(duì)現(xiàn)有數(shù)據(jù)提供進(jìn)一步的分析?；?dòng)系統(tǒng)基于計(jì)算機(jī)的能力，已經(jīng)使計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)（CAD）和計(jì)算機(jī)輔助制造（CAM）成為了可能。心理學(xué)家經(jīng)常談?wù)撊绾问谷藗冞m應(yīng)他們所操作的機(jī)器。設(shè)計(jì)人員的基本職責(zé)是努力使機(jī)器來適應(yīng)人們。這并不是一項(xiàng)容易的工作，因?yàn)閷?shí)際上并不存在著一個(gè)對(duì)所有人來說都是最優(yōu)的操作范圍和操作過程。另一個(gè)重要問題，設(shè)計(jì)工程師必須能夠同其他有關(guān)人員進(jìn)行交流和磋商。在開始階段，設(shè)計(jì)人員必須就初步設(shè)計(jì)同管理人員進(jìn)行交流和磋商，并得到批準(zhǔn)。這一般是通過口頭討論，草圖和文字材料進(jìn)行的。
如前所訴，機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)的目的是生產(chǎn)能夠滿足人類需求的產(chǎn)品。發(fā)明、發(fā)現(xiàn)和科技知識(shí)本身并不一定能給人類帶來好處，只有當(dāng)它們被應(yīng)用在產(chǎn)品上才能產(chǎn)生效益。因而，應(yīng)該認(rèn)識(shí)到在一個(gè)特定的產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)之前，必須先確定人們是否需要這種產(chǎn)品。
應(yīng)當(dāng)把機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)看成是機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)人員運(yùn)用創(chuàng)造性的才能進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)、系統(tǒng)分析和制定產(chǎn)品的制造工藝學(xué)的一個(gè)良機(jī)。掌握工程基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)要比熟記一些數(shù)據(jù)和公式更為重要。僅僅使用數(shù)據(jù)和公式是不足以在一個(gè)好的設(shè)計(jì)中做出所需的全部決定的。另一方面，應(yīng)該認(rèn)真精確的進(jìn)行所有運(yùn)算。例如，即使將一個(gè)小數(shù)點(diǎn)的位置放錯(cuò)，也會(huì)使正確的設(shè)計(jì)變成錯(cuò)誤的。
一個(gè)好的設(shè)計(jì)人員應(yīng)該勇于提出新的想法，而且愿意承擔(dān)一定的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，當(dāng)新的方法不適用時(shí)，就使用原來的方法。因此，設(shè)計(jì)人員必須要有耐心，因?yàn)?所花費(fèi)的時(shí)間和努力并不能保證帶來成功。一個(gè)全新的設(shè)計(jì)，要求屏棄許多陳舊的，為人們所熟知的方法。由于許多人墨守成規(guī)，這樣做并不是一件容易的事。一位機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)師應(yīng)該不斷地探索改進(jìn)現(xiàn)有的產(chǎn)品的方法，在此過程中應(yīng)該認(rèn)真選擇原有的、經(jīng)過驗(yàn)證的設(shè)計(jì)原理，將其與未經(jīng)過驗(yàn)證的新觀念結(jié)合起來。
新設(shè)計(jì)本身會(huì)有許多缺陷和未能預(yù)料的問題發(fā)生，只有當(dāng)這些缺陷和問題被解決之后，才能體現(xiàn)出新產(chǎn)品的優(yōu)越性。因此，一個(gè)性能優(yōu)越的產(chǎn)品誕生的同時(shí)，也伴隨著較高的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。應(yīng)該強(qiáng)調(diào)的是，如果設(shè)計(jì)本身不要求采用全新的方法，就沒有必要僅僅為了變革的目的而采用新方法。
附件2：外文原文（復(fù)印件）
Mechanical Design
Abstract:
A machine is a combination of mechanisms and other components which transforms, transmits. Examples are engines, turbines, vehicles, hoists, printing presses, washing machines, and movie cameras. Many of the principles and methods of design that apply to machines also apply to manufactured articles that are not true machines. The term "mechanical design" is used in a broader sense than "machine design" to include their design. the motion and structural aspects and the provisions for retention and enclosure are considerations in mechanical design. Applications occur in the field of mechanical engineering, and in other engineering fields as well, all of which require mechanical devices, such as switches, cams, valves, vessels, and mixers.
Keywords: Mechanical Design mechanisms Design Process
The Design Process
Designing starts with a need real.Existing apparatus may need improvements in durability, efficiency, weight, speed, or cost. New apparatus may be needed to perform a function previously
done by men, such as computation, assembly, or servicing. With the objective wholly or partly
In the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fully to display the creativity, not each kind of restraint. Even if has had many impractical ideas, also can in the design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected. Only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality. Usually, must propose several sets of design proposals, then perform the comparison. Has the possibility very much in the plan which finally designated, has used certain not in plan some ideas which accepts.
When the general shape and a few dimensions of the several components become apparent, analysis can begin in earnest. The analysis will have as its objective satisfactory or superior performance, plus safety and durability with minimum weight, and a competitive cost. Optimum proportions and dimensions will be sought for each critically loaded section, together with a balance between the strengths of the several components. Materials and their treatment will be chosen. These important objectives can be attained only by analysis based upon the principles of mechanics, such as those of static for reaction forces and for the optimum utilization of friction; of dynamics for inertia, acceleration, and energy; of elasticity and strength of materials for stress and deflection; of physical behavior of materials; and of fluid mechanics for lubrication and hydrodynamic drives. The analyses may be made by the same engineer who conceived the arrangement of mechanisms, or, in a large company, they may be made by a separate analysis division or research group. Design is a reiterative and cooperative process, whether done formally or informally, and the analyst can contribute to phases other than his own. Product design requires much research and development. Many Concepts of an idea must be studied, tried, and then either used or discarded. Although the content of each engineering problem is unique, the designers follow the similar process to solve the problems.
Product liability suits designers and forced in material selection, using the best program. In the process of material, the most common problems for five (a) don't understand or not use about the latest application materials to the best information, (b) failed to foresee and consider the reasonable use material may (such as possible, designers should further forecast and consider due to improper use products. In recent years, many products liability in litigation, the use of products and hurt the plaintiff accused manufacturer, and won the decision), (c) of the materials used all or some of the data, data, especially when the uncertainty long-term performance data is so, (d) quality control method is not suitable and unproven, (e) by some completely incompetent persons choose materials.
Through to the above five questions analysis, may obtain these questions is does not have the sufficient reason existence the conclusion. May for avoid these questions to these questions research analyses the appearance indicating the direction. Although uses the best choice of material method not to be able to avoid having the product responsibility lawsuit, designs the personnel and the industry carries on the choice of material according to the suitable procedure, may greatly reduce the lawsuit the quantity.
May see from the above discussion, the choice material people should to the material nature, the characteristic and the processing method have comprehensive and the basic understanding.
Finally, a design based upon function, and a prototype may be built. If its tests are satisfactory, the initial design will undergo certain modifications that enable it to be manufactured in quantity at a lower cost. During subsequent years of manufacture and service, the design is likely to undergo changes as new ideas are conceived or as further analyses based upon tests and experience indicate alterations. Sales appeal.
Some Rules for Design
In this section it is suggested that, applied with a creative attitude, analyses can lead to important improvements and to the conception and perfection of alternate, perhaps more functional, economical,
and durable products.
To stimulate creative thought, the following rules are suggested for the designer and analyst. The first six rules are particularly applicable for the analyst.
1. A creative use of need of physical properties and control process.
2. Recognize functional loads and their significance.
3. Anticipate unintentional loads.
4. Devise more favorable loading conditions.
5. Provide for favorable stress distribution and stiffness with minimum weight.
6. Use basic equations to proportion and optimize dimensions.
7. Choose materials for a combination of properties.
8. Select carefully, stock and integral components.
9. Modify a functional design to fit the manufacturing process and reduce cost.
10. Provide for accurate location and noninterference of parts in assembly.
Machinery design covers the following contents.
1. Provides an introduction to the design process , problem formulation ,safety factors.
2. Reviews the material properties and static and dynamic loading analysis ,
Including beam , vibration and impact loading.
3. Reviews the fundamentals of stress and defection analysis.
4. Introduces fatigue-failure theory with the emphasis on stress-life approaches to high-cycle fatigue design, which is commonly used in the design of rotation machinery.
5. Discusses thoroughly the phenomena of wear mechanisms, surface contact stresses ,and surface fatigue.
6. Investigates shaft design using the fatigue-analysis techniques.
7. Discusses fluid-film and rolling-element bearing theory and application
8. Gives a thorough introduction to the kinematics, design and stress analysis of spur gears , and a simple introduction to helical ,bevel ,and worm gearing.
9. Discusses spring design including compression ,extension and torsion springs.
10. Deals with screws and fasteners including power screw and preload fasteners.
11. Introduces the design and specification of disk and drum clutches and brakes.
Machine Design
The complete design of a machine is a complex process. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineerig material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge.
One of the first steps in the design of any product is to select the material from which each part is to be made. Numerous materials are available to today's designers. The function of the product, its appearance, the cost of the material, and the cost of fabrication are important in making a selection. A careful evaluation of the properties of a. material must be made prior to any calculations.
Careful calculations are necessary to ensure the validity of a design. In case of any part failures, it is desirable to know what was done in originally designing the defective components. The checking of calculations (and drawing dimensions) is of utmost importance. The misplacement of one decimal point can ruin an otherwise acceptable project. All aspects of design work should be checked and rechecked.
The computer is a tool helpful to mechanical designers to lighten tedious calculations, and provide extended analysis of available data. Interactive systems, based on computer capabilities, have made possible the concepts of computer aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM). How does the psychologist frequently discuss causes the machine which the people adapts them to operate. Designs personnel''s basic responsibility is diligently causes the machine to adapt the people. This certainly is not an easy work, because certainly does not have to all people to say in fact all is the most superior operating area and the operating process. Another important question, project engineer must be able to carry on the exchange and the consultation with other concerned personnel. In the initial stage, designs the personnel to have to carry on the exchange and the consultation on the preliminary design with the administrative personnel, and is approved. This generally is through the oral discussion, the schematic diagram and the writing material carries on.
If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the product. The invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly not necessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit. Thus, should realize to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first determine whether the people do need this kind of product
Must regard as the machine design is the machine design personnel carries on using creative ability the product design, the system analysis and a formulation product manufacture technology good opportunity. Grasps the project elementary knowledge to have to memorize some data and the formula is more important than. The merely service data and the formula is insufficient to the completely decision which makes in a good design needs. On the other hand, should be earnest precisely carries on all operations. For example, even if places wrong a decimal point position, also can cause the correct design to turn wrongly.
A good design personnel should dare to propose the new idea, moreover is willing to undertake the certain risk, when the new method is not suitable, use original method. Therefore, designs the personnel to have to have to have the patience, because spends the time and the endeavor certainly cannot guarantee brings successfully. A brand-new design, the request screen abandons obsoletely many, knows very well the method for the people. Because many person of conservativeness, does this certainly is not an easy matter. A mechanical designer should unceasingly explore the improvement existing product the method, should earnestly choose originally, the process confirmation principle of design in this process, with has not unified it after the confirmation new idea.
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