4座微型客貨兩用車
4座微型客貨兩用車,微型,客貨兩用車
外文翻譯譯文
內(nèi)燃機
1.氣缸體和氣缸蓋
氣缸體是發(fā)動機的基本框架。發(fā)動機的其他零件都安裝在它里面或者固定在它上。缸體里有氣缸,水套和油道。曲軸也固定在氣缸體底部。除了頂置凸輪(OHC)發(fā)動機以外,凸輪軸都安裝在氣缸體里面。在大多數(shù)汽車?yán)?,氣缸體由灰鑄鐵或者一種灰鑄鐵和其他金屬的合金(混合物)做成,例如鎳或鉻。氣缸體是鑄件。
有些氣缸體,特別是在小汽車?yán)锏哪切际怯射X做成的。這種金屬比鑄鐵輕得多。但是,鑄鐵的耐磨性比鋁好。因此,在大多數(shù)鋁制發(fā)動機的氣缸內(nèi)鑲有鑄鐵或者鋼的軸套。這些軸套叫做氣缸套。而有些氣缸體完全由鋁做成。
氣缸蓋固定在氣缸體的頂上,正像屋頂套在一所房子上面一樣。氣缸蓋下面與活塞頂上的空間形成燃燒室。最常見的氣缸蓋類型是半球形,楔形和準(zhǔn)半球形。這三種說法都是指燃燒室的形狀。氣缸蓋攜帶閥門,氣門彈簧和在搖臂桿上的搖臂,這部分的氣門傳動機構(gòu)通過推桿工作。有時,凸輪軸直接安裝在氣缸蓋上并且不用搖臂控制閥門工作。這被叫為頂置凸輪軸裝置。像氣缸體一樣,氣缸蓋是由鑄鐵或者鋁合金制成。
2.襯墊
氣缸蓋與氣缸體用高強度的鋼螺栓縛連結(jié)。氣缸體和氣缸蓋之間的連接必須密封以便沒有燃燒的混合氣體泄漏。這通過使用氣缸蓋襯墊實現(xiàn)。這是一個夾層襯墊,即在兩片銅之間放一片石棉,這兩種材料都能禁得住在發(fā)動機內(nèi)的高溫和高壓。
3.油底殼
油底殼通常由鋼沖壓形成。油底殼和氣缸體的下半部分一同被叫做曲軸箱;他們把曲軸封閉起來。潤滑系統(tǒng)中的機油泵從油底殼抽取油并把油輸送到發(fā)動機內(nèi)全部正在工作的部分。機油流出后又流回油底殼。因而在油底殼和發(fā)動機工作零件之間有機油不斷流動循環(huán)。
4.冷卻系統(tǒng)
冷卻系統(tǒng)的作用是保證引擎在任何路況的任何車速下都在最高效的的運行溫度中。隨著燃油在引擎中燃燒,1/3的熱量轉(zhuǎn)化成動力。還有1/3隨排氣管排出而得不到有效利用,剩下的1/3熱量在冷卻系統(tǒng)的作用下散失掉了。這意味著只有當(dāng)熱量得到適當(dāng)?shù)奶幚硪鏈囟忍幱谄胶鉅顟B(tài)時引擎才能高效工作。
所以,溫度對引擎產(chǎn)生動力的意義是重大的。任何引擎在不好的運行溫度下都工作不好。如果引擎過熱,當(dāng)壓縮混合氣由于燃燒室溫度過高被過早點著,就會造成混合氣早燃。潤滑油潤滑循環(huán)在過熱的引擎中降低。灸熱的潤滑油氣和碳積物可能沉積在燃燒室中導(dǎo)致炭氫化物排放上升。這同樣會引起引擎性能欠佳和過早磨損,甚至導(dǎo)致引擎損壞。另外,在過高的溫度下金屬的反應(yīng)也不同于正常溫度,過高的溫度會引起金屬的緩慢變形和金屬承受持續(xù)的恒定壓力。如果引擎工作過冷,汽油蒸發(fā)就不好。如果氣缸有液態(tài)汽油,液態(tài)汽油會沖走氣壁的潤滑油稀釋引擎中的潤滑油導(dǎo)致潤滑油過少。這造成了引擎性能下降,HC排增加,和引擎過早磨損。由于這些原因,冷卻系統(tǒng)是內(nèi)燃機必不可少的。
5.配氣機構(gòu)
如果進口門在進氣行程的上止點打開并且在這次行程的下止點關(guān)閉,它將有180°的開度。氣門在180°轉(zhuǎn)角內(nèi)完全打開。然而氣門達到全開位置需要一定時間,完全關(guān)閉也需要一定時間。因此閥門在上止點(BTDC)之前被打開,在下止點(ABDC)之后關(guān)閉。
如果排氣門在排氣行程的下止點打開并且在這次行程的上止點關(guān)閉,它將有180°的持續(xù)。但是像進氣門一樣,排氣門需要時間到達充分打開和關(guān)閉的位置。因此排氣門在下止點之前打開,在上止點之后關(guān)閉。
進氣門在上止點前17°打開,排氣門在上止點后17°關(guān)閉。 因此,有34°的一段時期,兩個閥門都是開的:(17°+ 17°= 34°)。這時期被稱為氣門重疊。排氣門的關(guān)閉和進氣門的開啟重疊。在這個時候,新的混合氣推動燃燒后的廢氣從排氣門排出。在渦輪增壓發(fā)動機上氣門重疊角被保持在一個最小值。這就防止廢氣倒流入進氣管。
那些打開和關(guān)閉氣門的氣門傳動是為了協(xié)調(diào)四沖程的工作循環(huán)(使他們各自上下移動)。這些閥門運動必須正好在合適的時刻進行。每個閥門的開啟由凸輪軸控制。
凸輪是一在軸上的蛋形的金屬,通過曲軸協(xié)調(diào)旋轉(zhuǎn)。那金屬軸叫凸輪軸,在發(fā)動機里的每個氣門一般有各自的凸輪。當(dāng)凸輪軸旋轉(zhuǎn)時,凸輪凸起的或者高點的位置,推動氣門座。這行動強迫閥門向下移動。這過程能使進氣門在進氣行程打開,或者排氣門在排氣行程打開。
因為凸輪軸繼續(xù)旋轉(zhuǎn),凸輪軸上的凸起部分離開氣門裝置。當(dāng)這發(fā)生時,氣門彈簧緊緊地關(guān)閉氣門口,叫做氣門座。
現(xiàn)代汽車發(fā)動機里的閥門位于發(fā)動機頂上的汽缸蓋。這被稱為頂置氣門(OHV)結(jié)構(gòu)。另外,當(dāng)凸輪軸位于汽缸蓋上面時,這種方式被稱為是頂置凸輪軸(OHC)結(jié)構(gòu)。一些高性能發(fā)動機有兩個單獨的凸輪軸,分別負責(zé)開關(guān)進氣門和排氣門。這些發(fā)動機被稱為雙頂置凸輪軸(DOHC)發(fā)動機。
凸輪軸也裝在發(fā)動機底部的氣缸體內(nèi)。為了將凸輪的運動傳給氣門需要一些附屬裝置。
在這種布置中,凸輪凸角推動凸輪挺桿。當(dāng)凸輪的凸角在凸輪挺桿下出現(xiàn)時,它推動凸輪挺桿向上運動(離開凸輪軸)。凸輪挺桿推動控制搖臂的推桿。搖臂以通過它的中心為軸而旋轉(zhuǎn)。當(dāng)搖臂的一側(cè)上升,其另一側(cè)下降,正如一塊蹺蹺板一樣。搖臂向下移動的那一邊推動氣門桿以打開氣門。
因為推桿氣閥傳動有另外的部分,所以很難以高速運轉(zhuǎn)。推桿發(fā)動機一般在低速運轉(zhuǎn),從而產(chǎn)生比相同大小的頂置凸輪軸較少功率。(記住,功率反映了工作能力。)
當(dāng)發(fā)動機處于壓縮行程和做功行程時,閥門必須緊緊地關(guān)閉以產(chǎn)生一個不透氣的氣封,以防止氣體逃離燃燒室。如果閥門不完全關(guān)閉,發(fā)動機將不能發(fā)揮全部動力。此外氣門頭易于被通過的熱氣體燃燒,這有可能使活塞頻繁沖擊打開的氣門,使發(fā)動機嚴(yán)重損壞。
所以閥門能完全關(guān)閉,氣門間隙在操作機構(gòu)內(nèi)是必須的。這意味著操作機構(gòu)必須離閥門足夠遠以允許閥門通過氣門彈簧使其完全關(guān)閉。但是,如果間隙太大,將引起金屬輕敲的噪音。
在四行程循環(huán)時,每凸輪必須旋轉(zhuǎn)打開一閥門。記住,一個循環(huán)相當(dāng)于曲軸旋轉(zhuǎn)兩次。因此,凸輪軸必須以曲軸正好一半的速度旋轉(zhuǎn)。這用2:1的傳動比完成。齒輪連接到凸輪軸的齒數(shù)是齒輪連接到曲軸的兩倍。齒輪連結(jié)有三種方式:
1.皮帶傳動 齒型帶能被使用。這樣的帶是由合成橡膠做成并且用內(nèi)部的鋼或者玻璃纖維絞合加強。皮帶上有齒,或者槽以嚙合并且驅(qū)動傳動齒輪上的齒。皮帶一般與頂置凸輪閥門傳動一起被用在發(fā)動機上。
2.鏈傳動 在一些發(fā)動機上,金屬鏈被用來連結(jié)曲軸和凸輪軸齒輪。大多數(shù)推桿發(fā)動機和一些頂置凸輪軸發(fā)動機都有鏈。
3.齒輪傳動 凸輪軸和曲軸齒輪可能被直接連結(jié),或者相嚙合。這類操作聯(lián)動通常被用在更老的六氣缸,直列發(fā)動機上。
凸輪軸被鏈或者帶驅(qū)動,使其朝著曲軸相同的方向轉(zhuǎn)動。但是凸輪軸被曲軸齒輪直接驅(qū)動,其將在相反方向上轉(zhuǎn)動。正時皮帶被使用,因為他們花費少于鏈子,而且噪音少。一條典型的正時皮帶由用玻璃纖維加強的氯丁橡膠(合成橡膠)做成的。
6.活塞
活塞是四沖程發(fā)動機的一個重要組成部分。多數(shù)活塞是用鑄鋁制造的,活塞通過連桿將燃燒混合氣產(chǎn)生的動力傳遞到曲軸。這動力驅(qū)動曲軸轉(zhuǎn)動。圓形的稀薄的鋼圈卡進活塞凹槽處來密封活塞的燃燒室。這些鋼圈就是所謂的活塞環(huán)。與凹槽相適合的環(huán)就是所謂的環(huán)槽?;钊N與活塞上的孔是相適應(yīng)的?;钊N裝入活塞把連桿連在一起。在活塞上固定活塞的那厚的一部分是銷轂。
活塞本身,活塞環(huán)和活塞銷裝在一起就是活塞裝配。
為了經(jīng)受住燃燒室的熱,活塞必須耐熱 抗熱。它也必須輕,因為它在汽缸內(nèi)來回上下的高速度運轉(zhuǎn)。活塞是空心的。在它推動熱量沖擊和承受膨脹壓力的頂端是很厚的。底部相對較薄,那里承受較少的熱能壓力?;钊捻敹耸亲钪饕?。在環(huán)槽之間環(huán)繞著活塞部件的較薄的部分就是活塞環(huán)根部。
活塞頂部可能是平的,凹的,圓頂?shù)幕虬歼M去的。在柴油發(fā)動機中,在活塞頂處可形成完全或部分的燃燒室,這依靠噴射方法。因此,他們使用不同的形狀的活塞。
7.活塞環(huán)
正如圖顯示,活塞環(huán)裝入活塞附近的環(huán)槽。簡單的說,活塞環(huán)是很薄的圓形金屬片裝在活塞頂部的凹槽里。
在現(xiàn)代的發(fā)動機中,每個活塞通常有三個活塞環(huán)。(活塞在以前的發(fā)動機中,有時有四個活塞環(huán),甚至五個。)活塞環(huán)外表面緊貼著汽缸壁。活塞環(huán)在活塞和汽缸壁間給了一定的密封。這就是,只有活塞環(huán)與汽缸壁相接觸。頂端兩只活塞環(huán)是保持氣體在氣缸被稱為壓縮環(huán)。較底那個環(huán)是防止燃燒室進入的油濺到氣套內(nèi)壁,是所謂的油環(huán)。在汽車發(fā)動機上普遍使用鉻合金活塞環(huán),鉻合金表面非常光滑,耐磨。
在工作時,燃燒的壓力對環(huán)是非常高的。這能導(dǎo)致它張開,當(dāng)高氣壓作用在環(huán)上時,這壓力使環(huán)完全的和汽缸壁接觸。燃燒的壓力緊緊的壓著環(huán)根部,并反作用于槽環(huán)的根部。因此,高燃燒壓力在活塞環(huán)和汽缸壁之間形成了緊密的密封
8.活塞銷
活塞銷使活塞和連桿連接在一起?;钊N穿過活塞銷孔穿到連桿的頂端。適合曲軸的連桿的頂端要比底端小一些,小頭伸入活塞的底部,活塞銷從活塞的一邊傳入,穿過連桿的小的一端,然后從活塞的另一端穿出。它把連桿合適的固定在活塞的中心。銷是用高強度鋼做成的并且是空心的。許多銷進行鍍鉻,使得幫助它有更好的耐磨性。
6
畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)任務(wù)書
(指導(dǎo)老師填寫)
填表時間: 08年3月29日
學(xué)生
姓名
方耀
專業(yè)
班級
車輛04級1班
指導(dǎo)
老師
李水良/馬心坦
課題
類型
工程設(shè)計
設(shè)計(論文)題目
4座微型客貨兩用車設(shè)計(車架、制動系設(shè)計)
主要研
究內(nèi)容
4座客貨兩用車的基本參數(shù)為:發(fā)動機擬選為JL462Q或相近系列,最高車速為95Km/h,最小轉(zhuǎn)彎半徑≤4.5米,乘員人數(shù)4人,載重量0.5噸,檔位數(shù)4+1。
參照上述基本參數(shù),查閱汽車設(shè)計相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),參照現(xiàn)有車型的整體布局參數(shù)(網(wǎng)上可以查到,如昌河CH10011AXEi廂貨、長安火車系列等)、亞洲牌客貨兩用車底盤實物、長劍牌轎車實物(車輛實驗室整車陳列室內(nèi)),進行必要的調(diào)研和資料查閱,設(shè)計出合適現(xiàn)代社會需要的客貨兩用車。
主要技
術(shù)指標(biāo)
(或研究目標(biāo))
完成客貨兩用車的后驅(qū)動橋、后懸架設(shè)計。繪制總和不少于3張的零號圖紙的結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計圖、裝配圖和零件圖,其中應(yīng)包含用計算機繪制(戶手工繪制)的具有中等難度的1號圖紙一張以上。
按要求格式獨立撰寫不少于12000字的設(shè)計說明書,應(yīng)有中英文摘要(摘要不少于400字),全部用計算機打印(編排要求到河南科技大學(xué)敬愛哦無處網(wǎng)站查:《河南科技大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(論文)指導(dǎo)手冊》),查閱與課題相關(guān)的文獻資料15篇以上,獨立完成總量10000以上印刷符號與本人相關(guān)的外文資料譯文。
速度計劃
(6~7周)全組集體討論,確定總體方案。每個學(xué)生確定自己的設(shè)計內(nèi)容與繪圖數(shù)量。在進行調(diào)研、搜集、分析資料的基礎(chǔ)上,完成開題報告(4月14交)。
(8~9周)整理本設(shè)計內(nèi)容的相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)資料,進行必要id理論計算,擬出說明書草稿,搜集相關(guān)外文資料并翻譯。
(10~11周)完成主要總圖設(shè)計。(5月5日下午至少完成一張零號圖紙)。
(12~13周)完成零、部件圖設(shè)計,并完成機繪圖。(5月23下午之前完成)。
(14~15周)要求整理、編寫設(shè)計說明書。
( 16周 )整理圖紙及全部設(shè)計文件,準(zhǔn)備上交。(6月6日下午四點交全部設(shè)計資料)。
( 17周 )審閱、評閱設(shè)計資料,答辯,評定成績。
主要參
考文獻
汽車構(gòu)造; 汽車?yán)碚摚?
汽車設(shè)計; 汽車車身設(shè)計結(jié)構(gòu)與設(shè)計;
車身造型; 汽車車型手冊;
有關(guān)汽車行業(yè)雜志; 機械零件設(shè)計手冊;
汽車相關(guān)行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(院資料室)
研究所(教研室)主任簽字:
年 月 日
外文資料譯文
變速器
盡管現(xiàn)代汽車所使用的變速器各式各樣,但它們的工作原理是大致相同的。變速器有液力變速器,也有由制動器和離合器控制的行星齒輪組,行星齒輪組可以提供兩個或三個前進擋。
變速器可以提供不同數(shù)值的傳動比,對于發(fā)動機這很重要。發(fā)動機低速運轉(zhuǎn)時傳遞動力不大。汽車起步時又要求輸出扭矩較大,這使發(fā)動機就必須高速運轉(zhuǎn)。駕駛員掛上第一檔,此時使發(fā)動機以高速運轉(zhuǎn):其傳動比為發(fā)動機的曲軸轉(zhuǎn)12圈,后車輪轉(zhuǎn)一圈。這時發(fā)動機提供的大功率使汽車啟動并快速加速。然后,駕駛員換二檔(分開離合器,使變速器中的齒輪順利換檔),此次后二檔使汽車加速到更高的速度,速比為8:1,最后換到第三檔,在這一檔中,動力通過變速器直接傳遞,傳動軸與發(fā)動機曲軸轉(zhuǎn)速一致。第三檔的傳動比為1:1。另設(shè)有一倒檔,在這一檔中,傳動軸將朝反方向傳動,從而使汽車實現(xiàn)倒向行駛。
四輪驅(qū)動
在美國,雖然更多的消費者不愿再使用運動型多功能車(休閑越野車SUV),而更傾向于選擇轎車和功能交叉型車,但他們依然不愿放棄全輪驅(qū)動(AWD)系統(tǒng),因為對他們來說,這是一個安全的系統(tǒng)。
在最近一次對休閑越野車(SUV)車主的調(diào)查中,73%的車主表示他們希望自己的下一部車是全輪驅(qū)動型車,或四輪驅(qū)動型車。豪華車市場中50%的車主希望自己的客車或運貨車卡車是全輪驅(qū)動的。
來自工業(yè)調(diào)查公司JD Power的一份近期報告預(yù)測,截至2008年,四輪驅(qū)動汽車將占到美國汽車市場的37%。預(yù)計基于前輪驅(qū)動車的AWD系統(tǒng)銷量的增加,將促成這一增長的到來,而AWD的市場份額在未來兩年內(nèi),將達到現(xiàn)在的兩倍還要多,即從現(xiàn)在的13%增至32%。
看到SUV車銷量下滑,汽車制造商福特公司順勢而動,推出帶有全輪驅(qū)動的福特Fusion、水星Milan、林肯MKZ中型私家轎車、福特Egde和林肯MKX多功能交叉車?,F(xiàn)今,福特已有36種車型提供四輪驅(qū)動或全輪驅(qū)動。
與四輪驅(qū)動的手動啟動不同,AWD系統(tǒng)要么處于不停運轉(zhuǎn),要么不停地監(jiān)控汽車運行情況并獨立啟動。對于駕駛者而言,車輪之間扭矩的交替改變幾乎是察覺不到的。
全輪驅(qū)動技術(shù)的優(yōu)點可以讓引工程師們在最佳牽引力下準(zhǔn)確地對某個或幾個車輪傳遞扭矩。
系統(tǒng)每秒對車況進行100次監(jiān)測,分析運行中車輪的實時狀況,駕駛員的動作如方向盤的轉(zhuǎn)動和踩油門的力度,然后相應(yīng)地變換扭矩并傳給車輪。
“全輪驅(qū)動的突出優(yōu)勢在于:可以靈活地傳遞扭矩并能對任一車輪進行制動,”銷售經(jīng)理羅伯特·帕克說:“以前我們只能進行從前到后或從后到前的扭矩傳遞,而先進的全輪驅(qū)動技術(shù)讓我們可以在最佳牽引力下準(zhǔn)確地對某個或幾個車輪傳遞扭矩”。
在2007年車型使用的全輪驅(qū)動技術(shù)中,像Fusion和MXZ都是典型的前輪驅(qū)動模式。扭矩施加到前輪便于將車向前牽引。因為發(fā)動機位于車的前部——不論是向前牽引還是操縱方向,其重量都將提供給車輪更大的牽引力。
然而,當(dāng)系統(tǒng)測得牽引力不足時,它會將扭矩轉(zhuǎn)至任何一個或所有車輪。汽車在光滑路面上行駛時效果最為明顯,但其實AWD系統(tǒng)在許多不明顯的情況下提升著牽引力。
前輪驅(qū)動型汽車存在著比較普遍的問題是:轉(zhuǎn)向不足,轉(zhuǎn)彎時這一問題尢為突出。如果前輪驅(qū)動型車在轉(zhuǎn)彎時加速,汽車后部會突然承受過多重量,這將導(dǎo)致前輪牽引力不足。當(dāng)駕駛員想要打急轉(zhuǎn)彎時,汽車前輪會徑直沖向彎道外測。而全輪驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)則會通過調(diào)整施加于車輪的扭矩或改變發(fā)動機轉(zhuǎn)速或二者兼有之進行自動補償。
自2007年伊始,預(yù)計配有AWD系統(tǒng)的汽車年銷售量約為50萬輛,其中的40萬輛將是轎車和功能交叉型車。聽起來這似乎是個大訂單,但福特方面表示,由于其正致力于令該技術(shù)讓消費者更買得起,所以這個銷售目標(biāo)其實不難達到。
福特計劃銷售全輪驅(qū)動車型時的售價比其競爭者低3,100——5,400美元(合人民幣24,000——43,000元),在某種情況下還將降低部分前輪驅(qū)動型汽車價格。美國汽車工業(yè)的競爭將會達到新的激烈階段
車輛安全系統(tǒng)
沃爾沃公司采用主動安全和交互性更好的安全電子設(shè)備來增加駕駛員的安全感
幾乎每個人都擔(dān)心車的安全性。但對于一個跨國汽車公司來說,最重要的是要認識到,造成這個問題的原因在各個國家是不相同的。瑞典的沃爾沃汽車公司在車輛安全性方面享有很高的聲譽。然而隨著各種車型紛紛提供最高級別的碰撞保護,這家汽車公司開始對影響買主安全感的其他因素進行關(guān)注。該公司對一系列與車輛安全相關(guān)的預(yù)防性措施,包括主動安全系統(tǒng)和呼救系統(tǒng)進行了研究。
過去,各汽車公司重視的是被動安全系統(tǒng),即在發(fā)生事故時能為乘員提供保護的系統(tǒng)?,F(xiàn)在,他們開始放寬眼界,“我們現(xiàn)在將注意力放在預(yù)警系統(tǒng)和防止事故發(fā)生的預(yù)防系統(tǒng)上”沃爾沃公司的安全問題負責(zé)人Ingrid Skogsmo說。
安全問題有三個要素:車輛本身、交通狀況和人。坐在方向盤后面的人仍然是最重要的安全因素,但與材料和結(jié)構(gòu)相比,電子設(shè)備顯得越來越重要。為了能在緊急情況下迅速做出決定,駕駛員必須時刻保持清醒并戰(zhàn)勝疲勞,但往往是說起來容易做起來難。
“研究表明,經(jīng)常在一輛車徑直撞入另一輛車的尾部時,后車駕駛員的腳還沒碰到剎車,”Skogsmo說?!斑@很可能是因為駕駛員根本沒有看到前方正在發(fā)生的情況,因而也就不可能防止事故的發(fā)生。我們開發(fā)的電子安全系統(tǒng)能在發(fā)生事故時為駕駛員贏得足夠的時間,讓他們能操縱車輛脫離險境”
交通繁忙的街道,駕駛中面臨的多種選擇和移動電話等都可能分散駕駛員的注意力。為了幫助駕駛確定什么信息是最重要的,可在車上采用一種能比人眼更快的速度判讀交通情況的先進技術(shù)。主動安全系統(tǒng)能提醒駕駛員注意潛在的威脅,在關(guān)鍵情況下,當(dāng)駕駛員已經(jīng)來不及做出反應(yīng),制止事故發(fā)生時,該系統(tǒng)甚至可以主動采取行動?!霸撓到y(tǒng)并不控制駕駛,而只是幫助駕駛員提高駕駛安全并使駕駛過程更愉快而已,”Skogsmo說。
沃爾沃公司已經(jīng)將其所開發(fā)的幾種主動安全技術(shù)投入了使用。該公司與2003年開發(fā)出了智能駕駛信息系統(tǒng)(Intelligent Driver Information System)。該系統(tǒng)能根據(jù)重要程度將對接收的各種信息進行歸類,在需要駕駛員集中精力的情況下,能自動將電話、短信等不重要的信息接收推遲,其思路是在制動和超車等關(guān)鍵時刻防止駕駛員受到過多信息的干擾。
安全并不僅僅意味著防止事故的發(fā)生,然而,如果車子的安全等級高,駕駛員就更有安全感。任何可提升駕駛員安全感的措施都值得采用?!拔覀儗Υ撕苤匾暎必撠?zé)沃爾沃市場情報的Karin Backlund說,“我們努力按照顧客的喜好對車輛進行改進,安全,包括人身安全,是沃爾沃公司的核心價值”
沃爾沃公司在9個國家發(fā)起了一項民意測驗,目的是對車主最擔(dān)心的安全問題進行調(diào)查。各國得出的結(jié)論不一樣,瑞典人最擔(dān)心車輛在無人看護的情況下過夜,英國人對車上物品遭竊的擔(dān)心超過了車輛本身被盜,而大約一半的巴西車主則稱對盜竊并不關(guān)心,他們只關(guān)心自己的人身安全。
對“你最希望自己的車所具備的安全功能”的回答顯示出這種差異的原因。在巴西,汽車報警器沒有列入“5個最想擁有的安全功能”,而瑞典人則把它列排在第一條。巴西人和意大利人都希望擁有防撞夾層擋風(fēng)玻璃,而瑞典人則偏愛可鎖上的輪胎蓋。
有一項功能出現(xiàn)在所有國家的車主的“最想擁有”列表上,那就是:呼救系統(tǒng)??磥硭袊业娜硕颊J為呼叫警察和救護車的功能是很重要的。所有參與調(diào)查的人還一致希望能有幫助找回被偷車輛的技術(shù)。然而,這種技術(shù)的開發(fā)成本很高,除了對車進行改裝以外,還需要許多其它的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施,以確保能對車輛進行跟蹤,而且應(yīng)急服務(wù)部門還必須知道如何對呼叫做出反應(yīng)。沃爾沃公司目前已經(jīng)在7個歐洲國家提供“呼叫”服務(wù),并計劃將服務(wù)范圍擴展到其他國家。
與此同時,該公司了在開發(fā)能使駕駛員在更遠距離控制車輛的技術(shù)。該公司的S80型轎車將人車溝通系統(tǒng)(PCC)作為選裝件提供,但將來也可能作為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)配置,在所有車上都安裝。該系統(tǒng)的基本配置是一個可裝在口袋中的遙控系統(tǒng),可在你扳動車門把手時自動為車輛解鎖。按下PCC的按鈕可以重新上鎖。
“駕駛員經(jīng)常會擔(dān)心車門是否鎖好”S80車的項目經(jīng)理Silvia Gullsdorf說,“往往走出幾米后,你還要把車鎖開關(guān)幾次才能放心”有了PCC你只需檢查鑰匙就能知道車是否已經(jīng)鎖好,你甚至都不必離車很近,鑰匙會顯示你最后一次操作是鎖車還是開鎖,你還可以不用鑰匙啟動車輛。
但無鑰匙進車系統(tǒng)并不是最近才出現(xiàn)的。PCC系統(tǒng)的不同之處在于,你可以在60到100米外通過按下信息鍵來了解車子的安全狀態(tài)。不同的LED燈告訴你車是否上鎖,是否有人動過車子以及是否已經(jīng)發(fā)出警報等。水平儀可測出是否有人為了偷車輪將車子抬起。紅燈閃爍表明心跳傳感器被激活,說明車內(nèi)有人。
5
TTANSMISSION
Although modern automobile transmission used on automotive vehicles vary in details, they all in a similar manner. They have a torque converter and planetary-gear sets which are controlled by brakes and clutches to provide two or three forward gear ratios.
The transmission provides different gear ratios between the engine, since the engine produces little power at low speed . Thus, for accelerating the car from a standing start, considerable power is required; the engine should be running at a fairly high speed. The driver, therefore, shifts the transmission gears into first; this gear position permits the engine to run at a fairly high speed. A typical first-gear ratio would be that the engine develops high power, and the car moves away from the curb and accelerates quickly. Next, the driver shifts to second (momentarily declutching to permit moment of the gears in the transmission . In second, the car accelerates to a higher speed. In second, a typical ratio would be 8:1. Finally, the driver shifts to third. In this gear position, there is a direct drive through the transmission; the propeller shaft turns at the same speed as the engine crankshaft. In third, a typical ratio would be 1:1.there is another gear position, reverse. In this position, the propeller shaft is made to rotate in a reverse direction so that the car goes backward.
FOUR-WHEEL-DRIVE
In the USA, while more consumes are moving away from sport utility vehicles and opting for cars and crossovers, they still are not willing to part with all-wheel-drive systems. For them, it's a safety system.
In a recent survey of current SUV owners, 73 percent said they want all-wheel-drive on their next vehicle. In the luxury market, 50 percent of owners say they want all-wheel-drive on their cars or trucks.
A recent report from industry research firm JD Power forecasts that four-wheel-drive vehicles will make up 37 percent of all vehicles produced for the US by 2008.The growth is expected to come from increased sales of AWD systems based on front-wheel -drive vehicles. Their market share is expected to more than double to 32 percent from the current 13 percent in the next two years.
Seeing its SUV sales slipping away, carmaker Ford wants to be in a position to exploit this trend. The carmaker has introduced AWD versions of the Ford Fusion , the Mercury Milan and the Lincoln MKZ midsize sedans and the Ford Edge and Lincoln MKZ crossovers. Ford now has 36 vehicles that offer either four-wheel drive or AWD.
Unlike four-wheel-drive, which the drive must manually activate, an AWD system is either permanently on or it continuously monitors the vehicle's condition and takes action independently. To wheel is seamless.
The system monitors the vehicle's condition 100 times a second, analyzing what's happening with the wheels on the road, the drive's inputs such as turns of the steering wheel and the pressure on the accelerator. It then varies the torque sent to the wheels.
"A major advantage of all-wheel-drive is the flexibility to shift torque or apply raking to any wheel," says marketing manager Robert Parker." In the past we could either shift torque from back to front or from front to rear. With advances in AWD technology, we can shift torque to the exact wheel or wheels with the best traction
In the AWD technology for he 2007 models, a vehicle like the Fusion or MXZ is typically front-wheel-drive. Torque goes to the front wheels in effect pulling the vehicle along. Because the engine rests over the front of the vehicle, the weight provides greater traction to the wheels both pulling and steering the car.
If, however, the system senses a loss of traction it shifts torque to any or all of the wheels. The most obvious benefit occurs on slippery road conditions, but the AWD system improves traction in a number of less obvious situations.
A common problem with front-wheel-drive vehicles is their under steer, typically seen in cornering. If a front-wheel-drive vehicle accelerates into a turn, too much weight can be shifted to the rear, causing loss of traction in the front wheels. The front of the vehicle can go towards the outside of the turn when the driver is aiming to turn the car sharply. AWD automatically compensates either by adjusting the torque to the wheels, altering engine speed or both.
Starting in 2007, Ford expects to sell around 500000 AWD-equipped vehicles annually, of which 400000 will be cars and crossovers. It sounds like a tall order, but Ford says the numbers should be easy to reach, as it is making the technology more affordable.
It plans to sell AWD models for between USD 3100and 5400 less than competitors, in some cases undercutting the prices for their front-wheel-drive models. Competition in the US industry is about to reach a new level of intensity.
SAFETY AND SECURITY
Almost everybody worries about car safety issues. But for an international carmaker it is important to recognise that the reasons for this concern differ from country to country. Swedish carmaker Volvo has established a strong reputation for vehicle safety. But with so many vehicles now offering the highest levels of crash protection, the carmaker is looking at other factors that will make buyers feel safe and secure in their car. The carmaker is looking at a range of preventive vehicle safety and security measures including active safety and "Mayday" systems. In the past carmakers have focused on passive safety, meaning systems and functions that help protect people in the event of an accident. Manufacturers are now broadening their outlook. "We are focusing on technologies that predict and prevent accidents from even occurring, "says lngrid Skogsmo, Volvo's safety director. Safety has three main perspectives: the car, the traffic situation and the human being. The person behind the wheel is still the most important factor, but the electronics are becoming more important than the materials and construction. The driver must stay alert, be able to make quick decisions in stressful situations and not give in to fatigue. But this is often easier said than done.
"Research shows us that often when a car ploughs straight into the rear of another car, the driver never even hits the brakes," says Skogsmo." This is probably because the driver never saw what was going to happen, and so had no chance to prevent the accident. Our electronic safety systems are developed to prevent the accident. Our electronic safety systems are developed to help increase the time the driver has to manoeuvre the car out of danger."
Busy streets, multiple choices and mobile phones all compete with the driver's attention. To help the driver decide which information is more important, vehicles can be equipped with advanced technology that reads traffic quicker than the human eye. The active safety systems warn about threats, and can even step in and act in critical situations if there is not enough time for the driver to avoid them." The system doesn't take over the driving, it just helps the driver to increase safety and make the driving experience more enjoyable," says Skogsmo.
Several developed active safety systems are already in use at Volvo. The firm introduced an Intelligent Driver Information System in 2003. The system sorts incoming information according to relevance and delays phone calls, text message and other non-critical information in situations that demand the driver's full attention. The idea is to prevent the driver from suffering information overload during braking or overtaking.
Safety is not just a matter of avoiding accidents, however. Having a vehicle with a good safety rating makes drivers feel secure. Anything that can contribute to this is a worthwhile addition." We treat this seriously," says Karin Backlund, responsible for Volvo's market intelligence." We try to adapt our customers' preferences. Safety is a Volvo core value and that has to include personal security."
Volvo carried out a survey in nine countries to find out the situations that concern car owners the most. Differences between countries emerged. Swedes are particularly worried about leaving their cars unattended overnight, while the British about leaving their cars unattended overnight, while the British are more concerned about break-ins and the theft of property rather than theft of the vehicle itself. About half of Brazilians, on the other hand, report that they are not concerned about this aspect, focusing exclusively on personal security.
The reasons for anxiety are reflected in the security enhancing features that the respondents would like to have in their cars. In Brazil, a car alarm was mot among the five most wanted security features in the survey, whereas this was top of the list in Sweden. Brazilians and ltalians wanted impact-resistant laminated windscreens, while Swedes preferred lockable wheel trim.
One thing appeared on all wish lists: a Mayday system. People of all countries considered it important to be able to call the police or an ambulance .All of the respondents also agreed that they want to see technologies that assist the recovery of a stolen car. Such systems are costly to develop, however. They require an extensive infrastructure beyond the car to ensure that the vehicle can be tracked and that the emergency services know how to respond to the call. So far, Volvo has launched its" on call" service in seven European countries and plans to add more.
In the meantime, the firm is exploring technologies that give drivers more remote control of their vehicle. The Personal Car Communicator is being offered as an optional in all cars.It's basically a pocket-sized remote control. The device is used to unlock the car door automatically when you pull the door handle. Pressing a button on the PPC can also lock it.
"Wondering if the car is locked is a frequent worry among drivers," says S80 project manager Solvia Gullsdorf." You walk a few metres and then have to check by unlocking and relocking the car" With the PCC, you simply check the key to see if the car is locked. And you do not even have to be near the car; the key just indicates whether your last action was to lock or unlock. It also allows you to start the car without a key.
But keyless entry systems are hardly new. What makes the PCC different is that at a range of 60 to 100m, you can obtain a security status report by pressing the information button. Different LEDs tell you if the car is locked or unlocked, others whether somebody has interfered with the vehicle and caused the alarm to go off. A level meter detects if the car is raised in an attempt to steal the wheels. A flashing red light means that the heartbeat sensor has been activated and that there is an intruder in the car.
"We know that motorists in many countries are fearful of assault, whether going to and from the car in dark and unsupervised parking places , or by somebody who has hidden in the car," says Gullsdorf. However, the darkness can be eliminated. Just one press on the remote control can switch on the car in a dark parking area.
When leaving the car, the headlights can also be switched on for up to 90 seconds by operating the headlamp flasher, allowing you time to get to your front door. The car alarm is activated if somebody.
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