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Crank rod system
Crank rod system is the main mechanisms reciprocating internal combustion engine. Crank rod system is realizing work cycle engine, and complete the energy conversion major sports parts. In doing work stroke, it will fuel burning the heat energy produced is the piston reciprocating motion, crankshaft rotation movement into mechanical energy, foreign power output; In other stroke, relies on the rotation of the flywheel crank and inertia, through the connecting rod driving the piston movement up and down, to create the conditions for the next to do work.
The function of the crank rod system
Crank rod system role is to provide burning the place, after burning fuel gas in the piston top role inflationary pressure in the rotation of the crankshaft into torque, and constantly power output.
(1) will gas pressure into crankshaft of torque
(2) the reciprocating movement of the piston to the rotary motion of the crankshaft
The composition of the crank rod system
Crank rod system by the body's group, the piston connecting rod group, crankshaft fly wheel of three parts.
(1) the body groups: the cylinder block, cylinder cushion, the cylinder, and the crankcase oil sump
(2) the piston linkage groups: the piston, piston, piston pins, connecting rod
(3) the crankshaft fly wheel: the crankshaft flywheel
1. The group
The body is a skeleton of the engine, is the engine agencies and the system installation, which the foundation, the installation of all the major engine parts and accessories, under various load. Therefore, the body must have the enough strength and rigidity.
The cylinder block
The cylinder block is the engine of all agencies and system, is in the engine assembly was one of the most important components. The cylinder block have water-cooled air-filled type cylinder and the cylinder block.
Water-cooled the cylinder block in general and cast integrative crankcase. The cylinder block upper took out all cylinder, air cylinder surrounding cavity mutual connected make water sets. The lower part is used to support of the crankshaft crankcase.
The cylinder block have inline, V and level to the three kinds of forms, in cars and V inline commonly used two. The lower part of the cylinder block structure general type, gantry gate, and tunnel type three forms of the air-filled type the cylinder block and the crankcase adopt fission style structure, the cylinder block and the crankcase separate, then assembled into casting together. The cylinder block and the surface of cylinder head cast has many heat sink to ensure sufficient heat dissipation, the cylinder block of materials with grey cast iron, in order to improve the general the wear resistance of the cylinder, and sometimes in cast iron to add a small amount of alloy elements such as nickel, molybdenum, chromium, phosphorus, etc. But, in fact, besides the piston and cylinder wall surface with the other part, to request is not high wear resistance. In order to the economy of the material, widely used the cylinder inserted into the cylinder liner to form in cylinder surface. So, cylinder liner wear resistance can better alloy cast iron or steel alloy manufacture, in order to prolong the service life, and cylinder cylinder of low price can be used ordinary cast iron and aluminum alloy materials manufacturing. The cylinder liner is dry and wet type two kinds.
Dry cylinder liner outside surface are not direct with cold water contact, the wall thickness general for 1 ~ 3 mm. On the surface of the cylinder liner and assembly of the cylinder body surface using interference fitted.
Wet cylinder liner surface directly contact with the cooling water and good cooling effect. The wall thickness than dry cylinder liner, generally for 5 to 9 mm.
Cylinder head
The cylinder head is the main purpose of the piston and cylinder, closed the top and cylinder walls together make up the combustion chamber.
General water-cooled engine within the cylinder head cast a jacket, under the cylinder head end and cylinder for top corresponding to the water jacket is the same, use water to cool the circulation of the combustion chamber wall of high temperature, such as part; The air-filled type engine cylinder head on many heat sink, cast by increasing heat area to reduce the temperature of the combustion chamber.
The engine cylinder head shall have the exhaust port a catheter hole and into the exhaust passage, etc. The gasoline engine cylinder head also should have the spark plug hole, and also has installed the diesel engine injector do holes.
Cylinder cushion
The cylinder and the cylinder block with cylinder liner, the between the role is to ensure that the cylinder and the cylinder block of between sealed to prevent leakage of combustion chamber, water leaking.
Oil pan is
The oil pan is main effect is to be stored and sealed the crankcase oil. The oil pan is force is small, generally USES the thin stamping steel and into.
2. The pistons connecting rod group
The piston connecting rod group of piston, piston, piston pins, connecting rod, connecting rod bearings etc.
piston
The piston is the role of cylinder head, cylinder walls with together, and heirs of the combustion chamber of gas cylinder pressure, through the piston pins will force to the connecting rod, in order to promote the rotation of the crankshaft.
The piston can be divided into the head, ring groove department and the skirt three parts.
The piston head the piston is part of the combustion chamber, its shape depends on the form of the combustion chamber. Common piston head shape has flattened type, concave and convex roof top type type.
Piston ring grooves installed in the ring grooves inside. The gasoline engine is general by 2 ~ 3 word ring groove, above 1 ~ 2 way used to install the gas ring, realize the cylinder seal; The most the following a used to install the oil. In oil ring ring groove bottom drilling has many radial return oil hole, when the pistons downward motion, oil the cylinder wall of redundant ring scratched off the oil back to KongLiu oil pan. If the temperature too high, a the ring easy to produce carbon, overheating jammed phenomenon.
The piston skirt piston skirt up guiding role.
Piston rings
Piston ring installation in the ring grooves inside, used to seal between piston and cylinder walls, prevent channeling the clearance between the piston and make the gas, and the movement along. Piston ring are divided into gas ring and oil ring two kinds.
Piston pins
The piston pin role is to connect the piston and rod assembly small head, and by the gas forces the pistons to the connecting rod.
The piston pin for hollow cylinder, usually sometimes to make the required strength tubular body structure section.
The piston pin generally USES low carbon steel or low carbon alloy.
The piston pin and piston pins a hole and connecting rod small head bushing of hole is used to connect the whole serving and half serving the connection. Adopts full serving the connection, the piston pin can be in the hole of the free rotation; Using half a serving the connection, pin and connecting rod between small head, work with full term is not happen relatively rotation; Pin and piston pins between a hole for clearance fit.
Connecting rod
The connecting rod is the role of the piston inherit the crankshaft the force, and make the reciprocating movement of the piston into the rotary motion of the crankshaft.
By connecting rod connecting rod body, connecting rod, connecting bolts and cover bearing parts, such as connecting rod connecting rod body and cover is divided into small head, connecting rod connecting rod body and the big end.
The connecting rod small head used to install the piston pins to link the piston. Rod body usually make it "workers" or "H" form, in order to meet in section strength and rigidity requirements under the premise of reducing quality.
The big end and of the crankshaft connecting rod shaft neck linked. Generally do component open type, and stem body cut half called connecting rod cover, both by connecting rod bolt connection as one.
The connecting rod axle bush installed in the big end in a hole, and the crankshaft connecting rod shaft neck outfit and together, is the most important in the engine with one of vice. Commonly used reduce integration mainly white gold alloy, copper alloy and aluminum alloy lead.
3. The crankshaft fly wheel
The crankshaft fly wheel mainly by the crankshaft, flywheel and some accessories composition.
crankshaft
Fly wheel mainly by the crankshaft and the flywheel and other different parts and the role of the flywheel and other different role of parts and accessories.
The crankshaft is the most important part of one of the engine. Its role is to group the gas from the piston connecting rod force into the rotation of the crankshaft foreign output torque, and drive the engine of the gas distribution institution and other auxiliary devices work.
The front of the crankshaft is mainly used to drive the gas distribution institution, water pump and fan etc subsidiary, front axle are installed on timing gear (or synchronous belt wheel), fan and pump pulley, reverse shock absorber and start claw, etc.
After the end of the crankshaft lugs structure, used to install the flywheel.
Spindle neck and neck in the engine connecting rod shaft is the most critical slip fits, vice general surface are quenched, shaft neck transition occurred at the shall also rolling process, the strengthening to improve its anti-fatigue strength.
The crankshaft axial orientation general use of the thrust piece or turn over the side bearings, positioning device installed in front a the main bearing place or a bearing place.
The crankshaft general selection high strength, high impact toughness and wear resistance of high quality carbon steel, good quality of carbon steel alloy or high strength nodular cast iron to forging or casting.
The crankshaft assembly must pass before dynamic balance of the calibration, balance the crankshaft, often in its emphasis on one side of the balance weight or crank drilling to part of the quality, in order to achieve the requirements of balance.
flywheel
The flywheel is a rotating inertia big disc, pressure on the outer circle, and a tooth of starter gear drive, for the starter when the engine use.
The flywheel is often the first cylinder ignition timing marks with, so that the calibration ignition moment.
Many of the cylinder engines should go into crankshaft and the action balance tests. In order to guarantee the disassembling the process does not damage the flywheel transfers to the assembly relation between, the pins or asymmetric bolt arrangement, when installation should be pay attention to.
曲柄連桿機構(gòu)
曲柄連桿機構(gòu)是往復式內(nèi)燃機的主要工作機構(gòu)。曲柄連桿機構(gòu)是發(fā)動機實現(xiàn)工作循環(huán)，完成能量轉(zhuǎn)換的主要運動零件。在作功沖程，它將燃料燃燒產(chǎn)生的熱能活塞往復運動、曲軸旋轉(zhuǎn)運動而轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)闄C械能，對外輸出動力；在其他沖程，則依靠曲柄和飛輪的轉(zhuǎn)動慣性、通過連桿帶動活塞上下運動，為下一次作功創(chuàng)造條件。
曲柄連桿機構(gòu)的功用
曲柄連桿機構(gòu)的作用是提供燃燒場所，把燃料燃燒后氣體作用在活塞頂上的膨脹壓力轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榍S旋轉(zhuǎn)的轉(zhuǎn)矩，不斷輸出動力。
?。?）將氣體的壓力變?yōu)榍S的轉(zhuǎn)矩
（2）將活塞的往復運動變?yōu)榍S的旋轉(zhuǎn)運動
曲柄連桿機構(gòu)的組成
曲柄連桿機構(gòu)由機體組、活塞連桿組、曲軸飛輪組三部分組成。
?。?）機體組：氣缸體、氣缸墊、氣缸蓋、曲軸箱及油底殼
?。?）活塞連桿組：活塞、活塞環(huán)、活塞銷、連桿
?。?）曲軸飛輪組：曲軸飛輪
1.機體組
機體是構(gòu)成發(fā)動機的骨架，是發(fā)動機各機構(gòu)和各系統(tǒng)的安裝基礎(chǔ)，其內(nèi)、外安裝著發(fā)動機的所有主要零件和附件，承受各種載荷。因此，機體必須要有足夠的強度和剛度。
氣缸體
氣缸體是發(fā)動機各個機構(gòu)和系統(tǒng)的裝配基體，是發(fā)動機中最重要的一個部件。氣缸體有水冷式缸體和風冷式氣缸體。
水冷式氣缸體一般與上曲軸箱鑄成一體。氣缸體上部拍了出所有氣缸，氣缸周圍的空腔相互連通構(gòu)成水套。下半部分是用來支承曲軸的曲軸箱。
氣缸體有直列、V形和水平對置三種形式，在汽車上常用直列和V形兩種。氣缸體下部的結(jié)構(gòu)有一般式、龍門式、和隧道式三種形式風冷式氣缸體和曲軸箱采用分體式結(jié)構(gòu)，氣缸體和曲軸箱分開鑄造，然后再裝配到一起。氣缸體和氣缸蓋外表面鑄有許多散熱片來保證充分散熱，缸體的材料一般用灰鑄鐵，為提高氣缸的耐磨性，有時在鑄鐵中加入少量合金元素如鎳、鉬、鉻、磷等。但是，實際上除了與活塞配合的氣缸壁表面外，其他部分對耐磨性要求并不高。為了材料上的經(jīng)濟性，廣泛采用缸體內(nèi)鑲?cè)霘飧滋讈硇纬蓺飧坠ぷ鞅砻妗＿@樣，缸套可用耐磨性較好的合金鑄鐵或合金鋼制造，以延長氣缸使用壽命，而缸體可用價格較低的普通鑄鐵或鋁合金材料制造。氣缸套有干式和濕式兩種。
干式氣缸套外表面不直接與冷水接觸，其壁厚一般為1～3mm。缸套外表面與其裝配的氣缸體內(nèi)表面采用過盈配合。
濕式缸套外表面直接與冷卻水接觸，冷卻效果好。其壁厚比干式缸套，一般為5～9mm。
氣缸蓋
氣缸蓋的主要作用是封閉氣缸上部，與活塞頂部和氣缸壁一起構(gòu)成燃燒室。
一般水冷式發(fā)動機氣缸蓋內(nèi)鑄有冷卻水套，缸蓋下端面與缸體上端面向所對應(yīng)的水套是相通的，利用水的循環(huán)來冷卻燃燒室壁等高溫部分；風冷式發(fā)動機氣缸蓋上鑄有許多散熱片，靠增大散熱面積來降低燃燒室的溫度。
發(fā)動機的氣缸蓋上應(yīng)有進排氣門座導管孔和進排氣通道等。汽油機氣缸蓋還應(yīng)有火花塞孔，而柴油機則設(shè)有安裝噴油器的做孔。
氣缸墊
氣缸蓋與氣缸體之間裝有氣缸襯墊，其作用是保證氣缸蓋與氣缸體間的密封，防止燃燒室漏氣、水套漏水。
油底殼
油底殼的主要作用是儲存機油并封閉曲軸箱。油底殼受力很小，一般采用薄鋼板沖壓而成。
2.活塞連桿組
活塞連桿組由活塞、活塞環(huán)、活塞銷、連桿、連桿軸瓦等組成。
活塞
活塞的作用是與氣缸蓋、氣缸壁等共同組成燃燒室，并承受氣缸中氣體壓力，通過活塞銷將作用力傳給連桿，以推動曲軸旋轉(zhuǎn)。
活塞可分為頭部、環(huán)槽部和裙部三部分。
活塞頭部 活塞是燃燒室的組成部分，其形狀取決于燃燒室的形式。常見的活塞頭部形狀有平頂式、凹頂式和凸頂式。
活塞環(huán)槽 活塞環(huán)安裝在活塞環(huán)槽內(nèi)。汽油機一般由2～3道環(huán)槽,上面1～2道用來安裝氣環(huán),實現(xiàn)氣缸的密封;最下面的一道用來安裝油環(huán).在油環(huán)槽底面上鉆有許多徑向回油孔,當活塞向下運動時,油環(huán)把氣缸壁上多余的機油刮下來經(jīng)回油孔流回油底殼。若溫度過高，第一道環(huán)容易產(chǎn)生積碳，出現(xiàn)過熱卡死現(xiàn)象。
活塞裙部 活塞裙部起導向作用。
活塞環(huán)
活塞環(huán)安裝在活塞環(huán)槽內(nèi)，用來密封活塞與氣缸壁之間的間隙，防止竄氣，同時使活塞往復運動便順捷?；钊h(huán)分為氣環(huán)和油環(huán)兩種。
活塞銷
活塞銷的作用是連接活塞和連桿小頭，并將活塞所受的氣體作用力傳給連桿。
活塞銷通常為空心圓柱體，有時也按等強度要求做成截面管狀體結(jié)構(gòu)。
活塞銷一般采用低碳鋼或低碳合金制造。
活塞銷與活塞銷座孔和連桿小頭襯套孔的連接采用全浮式和半浮式連接。采用全浮式連接，活塞銷可以在孔內(nèi)自由轉(zhuǎn)動；采用半浮式連接，銷與連桿小頭之間為過盈配合，工作中不發(fā)生相對轉(zhuǎn)動；銷與活塞銷座孔之間為間隙配合。
連桿
連桿的作用是將活塞承受的力傳給曲軸，并使活塞的往復運動轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榍S的旋轉(zhuǎn)運動。
連桿由連桿體、連桿蓋、連桿螺栓和連桿軸瓦等零件組成，連桿體與連桿蓋分為連桿小頭、桿身和連桿大頭。
連桿小頭用來安裝活塞銷，以連接活塞。桿身通常做成“工”或“H”形斷面，以求在滿足強度和剛度要求的前提下減少質(zhì)量。
連桿大頭與曲軸的連桿軸頸相連。一般做成分開式，與桿身切開的一半稱為連桿蓋，二者靠連桿螺栓連接為一體。
連桿軸瓦 安裝在連桿大頭孔座中，與曲軸上的連桿軸頸裝和在一起，是發(fā)動機中最重要的配合副之一。常用的減磨合金主要有白合金、銅鉛合金和鋁基合金。
3.曲軸飛輪組
曲軸飛輪組主要由曲軸、飛輪和一些附件組成。
曲軸
飛輪組主要由曲軸和飛輪以及其他不同作用的零件和飛輪以及其他不同作用的零件和附件組成。
曲軸是發(fā)動機最重要的機件之一。其作用是將活塞連桿組傳來的氣體作用力轉(zhuǎn)變成曲軸的旋轉(zhuǎn)力矩對外輸出，并驅(qū)動發(fā)動機的配氣機構(gòu)及其他輔助裝置工作。
曲軸前端主要用來驅(qū)動配氣機構(gòu)、水泵和風扇等附屬機構(gòu)，前端軸上安裝有正時齒輪(或同步帶輪)、風扇與水泵的帶輪、扭轉(zhuǎn)減振器以及起動爪等。
曲軸后端采用凸緣結(jié)構(gòu)，用來安裝飛輪。
主軸頸和連桿軸頸是發(fā)動機中最關(guān)鍵的滑動配合副，一般均進行表面淬火，軸頸過渡圓角處還須進行滾壓強化等化等工藝，以提高其抗疲勞強度。
曲軸的軸向定位一般采用止推片或翻邊軸瓦，定位裝置裝在前端第一道主軸承處或中部某軸承處。
曲軸一般選用強度高、耐沖擊韌度和耐磨性能好的優(yōu)質(zhì)中碳結(jié)構(gòu)鋼、優(yōu)質(zhì)中碳合金鋼或高強度球墨鑄鐵來鍛造或鑄造。
曲軸在裝配前必須經(jīng)過動平衡校驗，對不平衡的曲軸，常在其偏重的一側(cè)平衡重或曲柄上鉆去一部分質(zhì)量，以達到平衡的要求。
飛輪
飛輪是一個轉(zhuǎn)動慣量很大的圓盤，外緣上壓有一個齒圈，與起動機的驅(qū)動齒輪嚙合，供起動機發(fā)動機時使用。
飛輪上通常還刻有第一缸點火正時記號，以便校準點火時刻。
多缸發(fā)動機的飛輪應(yīng)與曲軸一起進行動平衡試驗。為了保證在拆裝過程中不破壞飛輪與曲軸間的裝配關(guān)系，采用定位銷或不對稱螺栓布置方式，安裝時應(yīng)加以注意。